---
output:  rmarkdown::html_vignette
title: "WeightedTreemaps"
author: "Michael Jahn, David Leslie, Ahmadou Dicko, Paul Murrell"
date: "`r Sys.Date()`"
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{WeightedTreemaps}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
---

```{r setup, include = FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  collapse = TRUE,
  comment = "#>",
  fig.path = "png/"
)
```

***

Generate and plot **Voronoi treemaps** or **Sunburst treemaps** from hierarchical data.

## Description

Treemaps are a visually appealing graphical representation of numerical data using a space-filling approach. A plane or 'map' is subdivided into smaller areas called cells. The cells in the map are scaled according to an underlying metric which allows to grasp the hierarchical organization and relative importance of many objects at once.
This package contains two different implementations of treemaps, [**Voronoi treemaps**](#voronoi-treemaps) and [**Sunburst treemaps**](#sunburst-treemaps)

There are different implementations available for **Voronoi tesselations** in R, the simplest being the `deldir()` function (from package `deldir`). However, `deldir` and others do not handle nested Voronoi tesselations, nor do they perform additively weighted Voronoi tesselation. This is an important demand for systems biology and other applications where it is useful to scale the cell size (or area) to a set of predefined weights. The `voronoiTreemap()` function provided in this packages allows both the additively weighted Voronoi tesselation and the nesting of different hierarchical levels in one plot.

Some of the underlying functions for the tesselation were developed by Paul Murrell, University of Auckland, and serve as the basis for this package. They are called by a recursive wrapper function, `voronoiTreemap()`, which subdivides the plot area in polygonal cells according to the highest hierarchical level. It then continues with the tesselation on the next lower level using the child cell of the previous level as the new parental cell, and so on.

The **Sunburst treemap** is a computationally less demanding treemap that does not require iterative refinement, but simply generates circle sectors that are sized according to predefined weights. The main function to draw Sunburst treemaps is `sunburstTreemap()`. It uses the same underlying recursive algorithm under the hood and can be used to draw sectors of different hierarchical levels with increasing granularity.

## Requirements

The C++ code computing the actual Voronoi tesselation requires the [CGAL](https://www.cgal.org/download.html) library headers. Thanks to [Ahmadou Dicko](https://github.com/dickoa), installing the complete CGAL library locally is no longer necessary. Instead, the package depends on the CGAL headers that are available as R packages on CRAN. The package was using CGAL 4 (package `cgal4h`), but now moved to the latest CGAL 5.5+ version available as package `RcppCGAL`. The dependencies are usually installed automatically and manual installation of CGAL (headers) should not be necessary.

**NOTE**: The `RcppCGAL` package is currently (September 2023) not available on CRAN! Please install it [manually from Github](https://github.com/ericdunipace/RcppCGAL).

## Installation

To install the package directly from github, use the following function from the `devtools` package in your R session:

```{r, eval = FALSE}
devtools::install_github("m-jahn/WeightedTreemaps")
```

## Usage

### Voronoi treemaps

The functions to create Voronoi (or Sunburst) treemaps take a `data.frame` as main input. 
The `data.frame` should contain column(s) with numerical or categorical data (i.e. a character vector). Let's create a simple example data frame.

```{r}
library(WeightedTreemaps)

# load example data
data(mtcars)
mtcars$car_name = gsub(" ", "\n", row.names(mtcars))
```

Generate the treemap. It will return a list of polygons and metadata.
The columns of the data frame that are used as levels of the treemap need to be specified.
Different parameters like the initial shape, or the maximum number of iterations are optional.

```{r, eval = FALSE}
# generate treemap; set seed to obtain same pattern every time
tm <- voronoiTreemap(
  data = mtcars,
  levels = c("gear", "car_name"),
  cell_size = "wt",
  shape = "rounded_rect",
  seed = 123
)
```

Draw the treemap.

```{r, fig.width = 5, fig.height = 5, out.width = "50%", fig.align = 'center', eval = FALSE}
drawTreemap(tm, label_size = 2.5, label_color = "white")
```

<img src="png/fig_cars_basic-1.png" align="center" width="50%" />

### Drawing options

The `voronoiTreemap()` and `drawTreemap()` functions are separated in order to allow drawing of the same treemap object in different ways. Computation of treemaps with thousands of cells can be very time and resource consuming (around 5-10 minutes for a 2000-cell treemap on a regular desktop computer). With the `drawTreemap()` function, we can not only plot the same treemap in different ways but also combine several treemaps on one page using the `layout` and `position` arguments. The most important style element is color. Coloring can be based on cell category, cell size, or both, using the `color_type` argument. By default, the highest hierarchical level is used for coloring but that can be customized using the `color_level` argument.

```{r, fig.width = 9, fig.height = 9, out.width = "100%", fig.align = 'center', warning = FALSE, eval = FALSE}
drawTreemap(tm, title = "treemap 1", label_size = 2,
  color_type = "categorical", color_level = 1,
  layout = c(2, 2), position = c(1, 1), legend = TRUE)

drawTreemap(tm, title = "treemap 2", label_size = 2,
  color_type = "categorical", color_level = 2, border_size = 3,
  add = TRUE, layout = c(2, 2), position = c(1, 2), legend = TRUE)

drawTreemap(tm, title = "treemap 3", label_size = 2,
  color_type = "both", color_level = 1,
  add = TRUE, layout = c(2, 2), position = c(2, 1), legend = TRUE)

drawTreemap(tm, title = "treemap 4", label_size = 2,
  color_type = "cell_size", color_level = 2,
  color_palette = heat.colors(10),
  border_color = grey(0.4), label_color = grey(0.4),
  add = TRUE, layout = c(2, 2), position = c(2, 2),
  title_color = "black", legend = TRUE)
```

<img src="png/fig_cars_colors-1.png" align="center" width="100%" />

### Convergence time

The expansion of cells towards a certain target size is a non-deterministic process. During each iteration, cell size is adjusted using weights, but the final result can only be measured after a cell (polygon) was created. Is it too small compared to the target area, it will get a higher weight for the next iteration, and *vice versa*. The adjustment of weights can be controlled by the `convergence` parameter ("slow", "intermediate", "fast"). Faster convergence will adjust weights more strongly and attempts to reach the target size with fewer iterations. However this procedure increases the probability of obtaining problematic polygons with for example self-intersections or holes. Compare the following treemaps generated with identical input except for the `convergence`.

```{r, fig.width = 12, fig.height = 4, out.width = "100%", fig.align = 'center', eval = FALSE}
convergence <- c("slow", "intermediate", "fast")

for (i in 1:3) {
  tm <- voronoiTreemap(
    data = mtcars,
    levels = c("gear", "car_name"),
    cell_size = "wt",
    shape = "rounded_rect",
    seed = 123,
    convergence = convergence[i],
    verbose = TRUE
  )
  drawTreemap(
    tm,
    title = paste0("convergence = ", convergence[i]),
    label_size = 2.5,
    label_color = "white",
    layout = c(1, 3),
    position = c(1, i),
    add = ifelse(i == 1, FALSE, TRUE)
  )
}
```

<img src="png/fig_cars_conv-1.png" align="center" width="100%" />

### Positioning of cells

Generating a Voronoi treemap is an iterative and somewhat random process. Since the cells 'move' during the iteration process, it can be difficult to control the exact final position of cells. However, there are two ways to influence cell positioning. The first is to use different algorithms for sampling initial coordinates for each cell. The second is simply setting a seed, which will sample the same set of starting coordinates for the same input data. Regarding the `positioning` argument, compare the following three examples where initial positions are 1) random, 2) ordered from top to bottom, or 3) ordered from center to edges.

```{r, message = FALSE, error = FALSE, results = 'hide', eval = FALSE}
# set seed to obtain same df every time
set.seed(123)
df <- data.frame(A = sample(10:100, 45))

tm1 <- voronoiTreemap(
  data = df, levels = "A",
  cell_size = "A",
  shape = "rounded_rect",
  positioning = "random"
)

tm2 <- voronoiTreemap(
  data = df, levels = "A",
  cell_size = "A",
  shape = "rounded_rect",
  positioning = "regular"
)

tm3 <- voronoiTreemap(
  data = df, levels = "A",
  cell_size = "A",
  shape = "rounded_rect",
  positioning = "clustered"
)
```


```{r, fig.width = 12, fig.height = 4, out.width = "100%", fig.align = 'center', warning = FALSE, eval = FALSE}
drawTreemap(tm1, title = "positioning = 'random'", border_size = 3,
  layout = c(1,3), position = c(1, 1))

drawTreemap(tm2, title = "positioning = 'regular'", border_size = 3,
  add = TRUE, layout = c(1,3), position = c(1, 2))

drawTreemap(tm3, title = "positioning = 'clustered'", border_size = 3,
  add = TRUE, layout = c(1,3), position = c(1, 3))
```

<img src="png/fig_pos-1.png" align="center" width="100%" />

### Custom initial shapes

Instead of using predefined shapes, we can also supply a custom set of coordinates to plot a treemap using the `shape` argument. The validity of the supplied coordinates is not checked, so all responsibility lies with the user (!). The R session might even crash (due to C++ dependency) if a shape is supplied that is too irregular or edgy, and the tesselation becomes unfeasible. Here are some stable examples.

```{r}
# different initial shapes, the more squared the better
house_coords <- list(
  x = c(0, 10, 10, 5, 0),
  y = c(0, 0, 10,15,10))

rect_coords <- list(
  x = c(0, 10, 10, 0),
  y = c(0, 0, 3, 3))

oct_coord <- list(
  x = sin(seq(0, 2, 2/8)*pi) * 1000 + 1000,
  y = cos(seq(0, 2, 2/8)*pi) * 1000 + 1000
)
```

Let's generate treemaps with the shapes of a house, a wide rectangle, and an octogon.

```{r, message = FALSE, error = FALSE, results = 'hide', eval = FALSE}
tm1 <- voronoiTreemap(data = df, levels = "A",
  shape = house_coords)

tm2 <- voronoiTreemap(data = df, levels = "A",
  shape = rect_coords)

tm3 <- voronoiTreemap(data = df, levels = "A",
  shape = oct_coord)
```


```{r, fig.width = 12, fig.height = 4, out.width = "100%", fig.align = 'center', warning = FALSE, eval = FALSE}
drawTreemap(tm1, layout = c(1,3), position = c(1, 1))
drawTreemap(tm2, add = TRUE, layout = c(1,3), position = c(1, 2))
drawTreemap(tm3, add = TRUE, layout = c(1,3), position = c(1, 3))
```

<img src="png/fig_shapes-1.png" align="center" width="100%" />

### Sunburst treemaps

Sunburst treemaps are generated in the same way as described above for Voronoi treemaps.
The function to generate a sunburst treemap is `sunburstTreemap()`, and just like `voronoiTreemap()` it returns an object of class `treemapResult` (essentially a list) with polygons and metadata. Drawing is done using the same `drawTreemaps()` function as for Voronoi treemaps.

```{r}
# generate data frame
set.seed(123)
df <- data.frame(
  A = rep(c("a", "b", "c"), each = 15),
  B = sample(letters[4:12], 45, replace = TRUE)
)

head(df)
```

Generate sunburst treemap.

```{r, results = 'hide'}
# by default cell (sector) size is encoded by number of members per group
tm <- sunburstTreemap(
  data = df,
  levels = c("A", "B")
)
```

Draw treemaps with different graphical parameters

```{r fig_sunburst, fig.width = 12, fig.height = 4, out.width = "100%", fig.align = 'center', warning = FALSE}
# draw treemap with default options
drawTreemap(tm,
  title = "A sunburst treemap",
  legend = TRUE,
  border_size = 2,
  label_color = grey(0.6),
  layout = c(1, 3),
  position = c(1, 1)
)

# use custom color palette
drawTreemap(tm,
  title = "Use custom palette",
  legend = TRUE,
  color_palette = rep(c("#81E06E", "#E68CFF", "#76BBF7"), c(3, 4, 5)),
  border_size = 2,
  label_level = 2,
  label_size = 0.7,
  label_color = grey(0.5),
  layout = c(1, 3),
  position = c(1, 2),
  add = TRUE
)

# color cells (sectors) based on cell size
drawTreemap(tm,
  title = "Coloring encoded by cell size",
  color_type = "cell_size",
  legend = TRUE,
  color_palette = rev(heat.colors(10)),
  border_size = 3,
  border_color = grey(0.3),
  label_level = 1,
  label_size = 2,
  label_color = grey(0.3),
  layout = c(1, 3),
  position = c(1, 3),
  add = TRUE
)
```


## References and other treemap packages


The Voronoi tesselation is based on functions from Paul Murrell, https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~paul/Reports/VoronoiTreemap/voronoiTreeMap.html.
We created a recursive wrapper around the main tesselation function and
improved the stability regarding generation of larger treemaps.

For a similar but JAVA based implementation of Voronoi treemaps wrapped in R, see
David Leslie's scripts at https://github.com/dlesl/voronoi_treemap_rJava.

A Javascript based R package lets you draw simple treemaps in your browser, however,
this is not suitable for treemaps with many (as, hundreds of) cells. The package is
available from CRAN or github, https://github.com/uRosConf/voronoiTreemap.

Another popular resource is the web-based treemap generation from University of
Greifswald at https://bionic-vis.biologie.uni-greifswald.de/.
