# terminfo 5 File Formats

    terminfo(5)                      File Formats                      terminfo(5)

## NAME

           terminfo - terminal capability data base

## SYNOPSIS

           /usr/share/terminfo/*/*

## DESCRIPTION

           Terminfo  is  a data base describing terminals, used by screen-oriented
           programs such as nvi(1), rogue(1) and  libraries  such  as  curses(3x).
           Terminfo describes terminals by giving a set of capabilities which they
           have, by specifying how to perform screen operations, and by specifying
           padding  requirements  and  initialization  sequences.   This describes
           ncurses version 6.0 (patch 20170603).

### Terminfo Entry Syntax

           Entries in terminfo consist of a sequence of fields:

           o   Each field ends with a comma "," (embedded commas  may  be  escaped
               with a backslash or written as "\054").

           o   White space between fields is ignored.

           o   The first field in a terminfo entry begins in the first column.

           o   Newlines  and  leading  whitespace (spaces or tabs) may be used for
               formatting entries for readability.  These are removed from  parsed
               entries.

               The  infocmp  -f and -W options rely on this to format if-then-else
               expressions, or to enforce maximum line-width.  The resulting  for-
               matted terminal description can be read by tic.

           o   The  first  field for each terminal gives the names which are known
               for the terminal, separated by "|" characters.

               The first name given is the most common abbreviation for the termi-
               nal  (its  primary name), the last name given should be a long name
               fully identifying the terminal (see longname(3x)), and  all  others
               are treated as synonyms (aliases) for the primary terminal name.

               X/Open  Curses  advises  that  all  names but the last should be in
               lower case and contain no blanks; the last name  may  well  contain
               upper case and blanks for readability.

               This  implementation  is not so strict; it allows mixed case in the
               primary name and aliases.  If the last name has no embedded blanks,
               it  allows  that  to  be both an alias and a verbose name (but will
               warn about this ambiguity).

           o   Lines beginning with a "#" in the first column are treated as  com-
               ments.

               While comment lines are legal at any point, the output of captoinfo
               and infotocap (aliases for tic) will move comments  so  they  occur
               only between entries.

           Terminal  names  (except  for the last, verbose entry) should be chosen
           using the following conventions.  The particular piece of hardware mak-
           ing  up the terminal should have a root name, thus "hp2621".  This name
           should not contain hyphens.  Modes that the hardware can be in, or user
           preferences,  should be indicated by appending a hyphen and a mode suf-
           fix.  Thus, a vt100 in 132 column mode would be vt100-w.  The following
           suffixes should be used where possible:

                Suffix                  Meaning                   Example
                -nn      Number of lines on the screen            aaa-60
                -np      Number of pages of memory                c100-4p
                -am      With automargins (usually the default)   vt100-am
                -m       Mono mode; suppress color                ansi-m
                -mc      Magic cookie; spaces when highlighting   wy30-mc
                -na      No arrow keys (leave them in local)      c100-na
                -nam     Without automatic margins                vt100-nam
                -nl      No status line                           att4415-nl
                -ns      No status line                           hp2626-ns
                -rv      Reverse video                            c100-rv
                -s       Enable status line                       vt100-s
                -vb      Use visible bell instead of beep         wy370-vb
                -w       Wide mode (> 80 columns, usually 132)    vt100-w

           For more on terminal naming conventions, see the term(7) manual page.

### Terminfo Capabilities Syntax

           The  terminfo  entry  consists  of several capabilities, i.e., features
           that the terminal has, or methods for exercising  the  terminal's  fea-
           tures.

           After the first field (giving the name(s) of the terminal entry), there
           should be one or more capability fields.  These are boolean, numeric or
           string names with corresponding values:

           o   Boolean  capabilities  are  true  when  present, false when absent.
               There is no explicit value for boolean capabilities.

           o   Numeric capabilities  have  a  "#"  following  the  name,  then  an
               unsigned decimal integer value.

           o   String  capabilities  have a "=" following the name, then an string
               of characters making up the capability value.

               String capabilities can be split into multiple lines, just  as  the
               fields  comprising  a  terminal  entry  can  be split into multiple
               lines.  While blanks between fields are  ignored,  blanks  embedded
               within  a string value are retained, except for leading blanks on a
               line.

           Any capability can be canceled,  i.e.,  suppressed  from  the  terminal
           entry, by following its name with "@" rather than a capability value.

### Similar Terminals

           If  there  are  two  very  similar  terminals, one (the variant) can be
           defined as being just like the other (the  base)  with  certain  excep-
           tions.  In the definition of the variant, the string capability use can
           be given with the name of the base terminal:

           o   The capabilities given before use override those in the  base  type
               named by use.

           o   If  there are multiple use capabilities, they are merged in reverse
               order.  That is, the rightmost use reference  is  processed  first,
               then the one to its left, and so forth.

           o   Capabilities  given  explicitly in the entry override those brought
               in by use references.

           A capability can be canceled by placing xx@ to the left of the use ref-
           erence  that  imports it, where xx is the capability.  For example, the
           entry

                  2621-nl, smkx@, rmkx@, use=2621,

           defines a 2621-nl that does not have the smkx or rmkx capabilities, and
           hence  does  not  turn  on the function key labels when in visual mode.
           This is useful for different modes for a  terminal,  or  for  different
           user preferences.

           An entry included via use can contain canceled capabilities, which have
           the same effect as if those cancels were inline in the  using  terminal
           entry.

### Predefined Capabilities

           The  following  is  a  complete table of the capabilities included in a
           terminfo description block and available to  terminfo-using  code.   In
           each line of the table,

           The  variable  is  the  name  by  which the programmer (at the terminfo
           level) accesses the capability.

           The capname is the short name used in the text of the database, and  is
           used  by  a  person updating the database.  Whenever possible, capnames
           are chosen to be the same as or similar to the ANSI X3.64-1979 standard
           (now  superseded  by  ECMA-48,  which  uses  identical  or very similar
           names).  Semantics are also intended to match those of  the  specifica-
           tion.

           The  termcap code is the old termcap capability name (some capabilities
           are new, and have names which termcap did not originate).

           Capability names have no hard length limit, but an informal limit of  5
           characters has been adopted to keep them short and to allow the tabs in
           the source file Caps to line up nicely.

           Finally, the description field attempts to convey the semantics of  the
           capability.  You may find some codes in the description field:

           (P)    indicates that padding may be specified

           #[1-9] in  the  description  field  indicates that the string is passed
                  through tparm with parms as given (#i).

           (P*)   indicates that padding may vary in proportion to the  number  of
                  lines affected

           (#i)   indicates the ith parameter.

           These are the boolean capabilities:

                   Variable              Cap-       TCap          Description
                   Booleans              name       Code
           auto_left_margin              bw         bw        cub1 wraps from col-
                                                              umn 0 to last column
           auto_right_margin             am         am        terminal has auto-
                                                              matic margins
           back_color_erase              bce        ut        screen erased with
                                                              background color
           can_change                    ccc        cc        terminal can re-
                                                              define existing col-
                                                              ors
           ceol_standout_glitch          xhp        xs        standout not erased
                                                              by overwriting (hp)
           col_addr_glitch               xhpa       YA        only positive motion
                                                              for hpa/mhpa caps

           cpi_changes_res               cpix       YF        changing character
                                                              pitch changes reso-
                                                              lution
           cr_cancels_micro_mode         crxm       YB        using cr turns off
                                                              micro mode
           dest_tabs_magic_smso          xt         xt        tabs destructive,
                                                              magic so char
                                                              (t1061)
           eat_newline_glitch            xenl       xn        newline ignored
                                                              after 80 cols (con-
                                                              cept)
           erase_overstrike              eo         eo        can erase over-
                                                              strikes with a blank
           generic_type                  gn         gn        generic line type
           hard_copy                     hc         hc        hardcopy terminal
           hard_cursor                   chts       HC        cursor is hard to
                                                              see
           has_meta_key                  km         km        Has a meta key
                                                              (i.e., sets 8th-bit)
           has_print_wheel               daisy      YC        printer needs opera-
                                                              tor to change char-
                                                              acter set
           has_status_line               hs         hs        has extra status
                                                              line
           hue_lightness_saturation      hls        hl        terminal uses only
                                                              HLS color notation
                                                              (Tektronix)
           insert_null_glitch            in         in        insert mode distin-
                                                              guishes nulls
           lpi_changes_res               lpix       YG        changing line pitch
                                                              changes resolution
           memory_above                  da         da        display may be
                                                              retained above the
                                                              screen
           memory_below                  db         db        display may be
                                                              retained below the
                                                              screen
           move_insert_mode              mir        mi        safe to move while
                                                              in insert mode
           move_standout_mode            msgr       ms        safe to move while
                                                              in standout mode
           needs_xon_xoff                nxon       nx        padding will not
                                                              work, xon/xoff
                                                              required
           no_esc_ctlc                   xsb        xb        beehive (f1=escape,
                                                              f2=ctrl C)
           no_pad_char                   npc        NP        pad character does
                                                              not exist
           non_dest_scroll_region        ndscr      ND        scrolling region is
                                                              non-destructive
           non_rev_rmcup                 nrrmc      NR        smcup does not
                                                              reverse rmcup
           over_strike                   os         os        terminal can over-
                                                              strike
           prtr_silent                   mc5i       5i        printer will not
                                                              echo on screen
           row_addr_glitch               xvpa       YD        only positive motion
                                                              for vpa/mvpa caps
           semi_auto_right_margin        sam        YE        printing in last
                                                              column causes cr
           status_line_esc_ok            eslok      es        escape can be used
                                                              on the status line
           tilde_glitch                  hz         hz        cannot print ~'s
                                                              (Hazeltine)

           transparent_underline         ul         ul        underline character
                                                              overstrikes
           xon_xoff                      xon        xo        terminal uses
                                                              xon/xoff handshaking

           These are the numeric capabilities:

                   Variable              Cap-       TCap          Description
                    Numeric              name       Code
           columns                       cols       co        number of columns in
                                                              a line
           init_tabs                     it         it        tabs initially every
                                                              # spaces
           label_height                  lh         lh        rows in each label
           label_width                   lw         lw        columns in each
                                                              label
           lines                         lines      li        number of lines on
                                                              screen or page
           lines_of_memory               lm         lm        lines of memory if >
                                                              line. 0 means varies
           magic_cookie_glitch           xmc        sg        number of blank
                                                              characters left by
                                                              smso or rmso
           max_attributes                ma         ma        maximum combined
                                                              attributes terminal
                                                              can handle
           max_colors                    colors     Co        maximum number of
                                                              colors on screen
           max_pairs                     pairs      pa        maximum number of
                                                              color-pairs on the
                                                              screen
           maximum_windows               wnum       MW        maximum number of
                                                              definable windows
           no_color_video                ncv        NC        video attributes
                                                              that cannot be used
                                                              with colors
           num_labels                    nlab       Nl        number of labels on
                                                              screen
           padding_baud_rate             pb         pb        lowest baud rate
                                                              where padding needed
           virtual_terminal              vt         vt        virtual terminal
                                                              number (CB/unix)
           width_status_line             wsl        ws        number of columns in
                                                              status line

           The following numeric capabilities  are  present  in  the  SVr4.0  term
           structure,  but  are  not yet documented in the man page.  They came in
           with SVr4's printer support.

                   Variable              Cap-       TCap          Description
                    Numeric              name       Code
           bit_image_entwining           bitwin     Yo        number of passes for
                                                              each bit-image row
           bit_image_type                bitype     Yp        type of bit-image
                                                              device
           buffer_capacity               bufsz      Ya        numbers of bytes
                                                              buffered before
                                                              printing
           buttons                       btns       BT        number of buttons on
                                                              mouse
           dot_horz_spacing              spinh      Yc        spacing of dots hor-
                                                              izontally in dots
                                                              per inch

           dot_vert_spacing              spinv      Yb        spacing of pins ver-
                                                              tically in pins per
                                                              inch
           max_micro_address             maddr      Yd        maximum value in
                                                              micro_..._address
           max_micro_jump                mjump      Ye        maximum value in
                                                              parm_..._micro
           micro_col_size                mcs        Yf        character step size
                                                              when in micro mode
           micro_line_size               mls        Yg        line step size when
                                                              in micro mode
           number_of_pins                npins      Yh        numbers of pins in
                                                              print-head
           output_res_char               orc        Yi        horizontal resolu-
                                                              tion in units per
                                                              line
           output_res_horz_inch          orhi       Yk        horizontal resolu-
                                                              tion in units per
                                                              inch
           output_res_line               orl        Yj        vertical resolution
                                                              in units per line
           output_res_vert_inch          orvi       Yl        vertical resolution
                                                              in units per inch
           print_rate                    cps        Ym        print rate in char-
                                                              acters per second
           wide_char_size                widcs      Yn        character step size
                                                              when in double wide
                                                              mode

           These are the string capabilities:

                   Variable              Cap-       TCap          Description
                    String               name       Code
           acs_chars                     acsc       ac        graphics charset
                                                              pairs, based on
                                                              vt100
           back_tab                      cbt        bt        back tab (P)
           bell                          bel        bl        audible signal
                                                              (bell) (P)
           carriage_return               cr         cr        carriage return (P*)
                                                              (P*)
           change_char_pitch             cpi        ZA        Change number of
                                                              characters per inch
                                                              to #1
           change_line_pitch             lpi        ZB        Change number of
                                                              lines per inch to #1
           change_res_horz               chr        ZC        Change horizontal
                                                              resolution to #1
           change_res_vert               cvr        ZD        Change vertical res-
                                                              olution to #1
           change_scroll_region          csr        cs        change region to
                                                              line #1 to line #2
                                                              (P)
           char_padding                  rmp        rP        like ip but when in
                                                              insert mode
           clear_all_tabs                tbc        ct        clear all tab stops
                                                              (P)
           clear_margins                 mgc        MC        clear right and left
                                                              soft margins
           clear_screen                  clear      cl        clear screen and
                                                              home cursor (P*)
           clr_bol                       el1        cb        Clear to beginning
                                                              of line

           clr_eol                       el         ce        clear to end of line
                                                              (P)
           clr_eos                       ed         cd        clear to end of
                                                              screen (P*)
           column_address                hpa        ch        horizontal position
                                                              #1, absolute (P)
           command_character             cmdch      CC        terminal settable
                                                              cmd character in
                                                              prototype !?
           create_window                 cwin       CW        define a window #1
                                                              from #2,#3 to #4,#5
           cursor_address                cup        cm        move to row #1 col-
                                                              umns #2
           cursor_down                   cud1       do        down one line
           cursor_home                   home       ho        home cursor (if no
                                                              cup)
           cursor_invisible              civis      vi        make cursor invisi-
                                                              ble
           cursor_left                   cub1       le        move left one space
           cursor_mem_address            mrcup      CM        memory relative cur-
                                                              sor addressing, move
                                                              to row #1 columns #2
           cursor_normal                 cnorm      ve        make cursor appear
                                                              normal (undo
                                                              civis/cvvis)
           cursor_right                  cuf1       nd        non-destructive
                                                              space (move right
                                                              one space)
           cursor_to_ll                  ll         ll        last line, first
                                                              column (if no cup)
           cursor_up                     cuu1       up        up one line
           cursor_visible                cvvis      vs        make cursor very
                                                              visible
           define_char                   defc       ZE        Define a character
                                                              #1, #2 dots wide,
                                                              descender #3
           delete_character              dch1       dc        delete character
                                                              (P*)
           delete_line                   dl1        dl        delete line (P*)
           dial_phone                    dial       DI        dial number #1
           dis_status_line               dsl        ds        disable status line
           display_clock                 dclk       DK        display clock
           down_half_line                hd         hd        half a line down
           ena_acs                       enacs      eA        enable alternate
                                                              char set
           enter_alt_charset_mode        smacs      as        start alternate
                                                              character set (P)
           enter_am_mode                 smam       SA        turn on automatic
                                                              margins
           enter_blink_mode              blink      mb        turn on blinking
           enter_bold_mode               bold       md        turn on bold (extra
                                                              bright) mode
           enter_ca_mode                 smcup      ti        string to start pro-
                                                              grams using cup
           enter_delete_mode             smdc       dm        enter delete mode
           enter_dim_mode                dim        mh        turn on half-bright
                                                              mode
           enter_doublewide_mode         swidm      ZF        Enter double-wide
                                                              mode
           enter_draft_quality           sdrfq      ZG        Enter draft-quality
                                                              mode
           enter_insert_mode             smir       im        enter insert mode
           enter_italics_mode            sitm       ZH        Enter italic mode
           enter_leftward_mode           slm        ZI        Start leftward car-
                                                              riage motion

           enter_micro_mode              smicm      ZJ        Start micro-motion
                                                              mode
           enter_near_letter_quality     snlq       ZK        Enter NLQ mode
           enter_normal_quality          snrmq      ZL        Enter normal-quality
                                                              mode
           enter_protected_mode          prot       mp        turn on protected
                                                              mode
           enter_reverse_mode            rev        mr        turn on reverse
                                                              video mode
           enter_secure_mode             invis      mk        turn on blank mode
                                                              (characters invisi-
                                                              ble)
           enter_shadow_mode             sshm       ZM        Enter shadow-print
                                                              mode
           enter_standout_mode           smso       so        begin standout mode
           enter_subscript_mode          ssubm      ZN        Enter subscript mode
           enter_superscript_mode        ssupm      ZO        Enter superscript
                                                              mode
           enter_underline_mode          smul       us        begin underline mode
           enter_upward_mode             sum        ZP        Start upward car-
                                                              riage motion
           enter_xon_mode                smxon      SX        turn on xon/xoff
                                                              handshaking
           erase_chars                   ech        ec        erase #1 characters
                                                              (P)
           exit_alt_charset_mode         rmacs      ae        end alternate char-
                                                              acter set (P)
           exit_am_mode                  rmam       RA        turn off automatic
                                                              margins
           exit_attribute_mode           sgr0       me        turn off all
                                                              attributes
           exit_ca_mode                  rmcup      te        strings to end pro-
                                                              grams using cup
           exit_delete_mode              rmdc       ed        end delete mode
           exit_doublewide_mode          rwidm      ZQ        End double-wide mode
           exit_insert_mode              rmir       ei        exit insert mode
           exit_italics_mode             ritm       ZR        End italic mode
           exit_leftward_mode            rlm        ZS        End left-motion mode
           exit_micro_mode               rmicm      ZT        End micro-motion
                                                              mode
           exit_shadow_mode              rshm       ZU        End shadow-print
                                                              mode
           exit_standout_mode            rmso       se        exit standout mode
           exit_subscript_mode           rsubm      ZV        End subscript mode
           exit_superscript_mode         rsupm      ZW        End superscript mode
           exit_underline_mode           rmul       ue        exit underline mode
           exit_upward_mode              rum        ZX        End reverse charac-
                                                              ter motion
           exit_xon_mode                 rmxon      RX        turn off xon/xoff
                                                              handshaking
           fixed_pause                   pause      PA        pause for 2-3 sec-
                                                              onds
           flash_hook                    hook       fh        flash switch hook
           flash_screen                  flash      vb        visible bell (may
                                                              not move cursor)
           form_feed                     ff         ff        hardcopy terminal
                                                              page eject (P*)
           from_status_line              fsl        fs        return from status
                                                              line
           goto_window                   wingo      WG        go to window #1
           hangup                        hup        HU        hang-up phone
           init_1string                  is1        i1        initialization
                                                              string
           init_2string                  is2        is        initialization
                                                              string

           init_3string                  is3        i3        initialization
                                                              string
           init_file                     if         if        name of initializa-
                                                              tion file
           init_prog                     iprog      iP        path name of program
                                                              for initialization
           initialize_color              initc      Ic        initialize color #1
                                                              to (#2,#3,#4)
           initialize_pair               initp      Ip        Initialize color
                                                              pair #1 to
                                                              fg=(#2,#3,#4),
                                                              bg=(#5,#6,#7)
           insert_character              ich1       ic        insert character (P)
           insert_line                   il1        al        insert line (P*)
           insert_padding                ip         ip        insert padding after
                                                              inserted character
           key_a1                        ka1        K1        upper left of keypad
           key_a3                        ka3        K3        upper right of key-
                                                              pad
           key_b2                        kb2        K2        center of keypad
           key_backspace                 kbs        kb        backspace key
           key_beg                       kbeg       @1        begin key
           key_btab                      kcbt       kB        back-tab key
           key_c1                        kc1        K4        lower left of keypad
           key_c3                        kc3        K5        lower right of key-
                                                              pad
           key_cancel                    kcan       @2        cancel key
           key_catab                     ktbc       ka        clear-all-tabs key
           key_clear                     kclr       kC        clear-screen or
                                                              erase key
           key_close                     kclo       @3        close key
           key_command                   kcmd       @4        command key
           key_copy                      kcpy       @5        copy key
           key_create                    kcrt       @6        create key
           key_ctab                      kctab      kt        clear-tab key
           key_dc                        kdch1      kD        delete-character key
           key_dl                        kdl1       kL        delete-line key
           key_down                      kcud1      kd        down-arrow key
           key_eic                       krmir      kM        sent by rmir or smir
                                                              in insert mode
           key_end                       kend       @7        end key
           key_enter                     kent       @8        enter/send key
           key_eol                       kel        kE        clear-to-end-of-line
                                                              key
           key_eos                       ked        kS        clear-to-end-of-
                                                              screen key
           key_exit                      kext       @9        exit key
           key_f0                        kf0        k0        F0 function key
           key_f1                        kf1        k1        F1 function key
           key_f10                       kf10       k;        F10 function key
           key_f11                       kf11       F1        F11 function key
           key_f12                       kf12       F2        F12 function key
           key_f13                       kf13       F3        F13 function key
           key_f14                       kf14       F4        F14 function key
           key_f15                       kf15       F5        F15 function key
           key_f16                       kf16       F6        F16 function key
           key_f17                       kf17       F7        F17 function key
           key_f18                       kf18       F8        F18 function key
           key_f19                       kf19       F9        F19 function key
           key_f2                        kf2        k2        F2 function key
           key_f20                       kf20       FA        F20 function key
           key_f21                       kf21       FB        F21 function key
           key_f22                       kf22       FC        F22 function key
           key_f23                       kf23       FD        F23 function key
           key_f24                       kf24       FE        F24 function key

           key_f25                       kf25       FF        F25 function key
           key_f26                       kf26       FG        F26 function key
           key_f27                       kf27       FH        F27 function key
           key_f28                       kf28       FI        F28 function key
           key_f29                       kf29       FJ        F29 function key
           key_f3                        kf3        k3        F3 function key
           key_f30                       kf30       FK        F30 function key
           key_f31                       kf31       FL        F31 function key
           key_f32                       kf32       FM        F32 function key
           key_f33                       kf33       FN        F33 function key
           key_f34                       kf34       FO        F34 function key
           key_f35                       kf35       FP        F35 function key
           key_f36                       kf36       FQ        F36 function key
           key_f37                       kf37       FR        F37 function key
           key_f38                       kf38       FS        F38 function key
           key_f39                       kf39       FT        F39 function key
           key_f4                        kf4        k4        F4 function key
           key_f40                       kf40       FU        F40 function key
           key_f41                       kf41       FV        F41 function key
           key_f42                       kf42       FW        F42 function key
           key_f43                       kf43       FX        F43 function key
           key_f44                       kf44       FY        F44 function key
           key_f45                       kf45       FZ        F45 function key
           key_f46                       kf46       Fa        F46 function key
           key_f47                       kf47       Fb        F47 function key
           key_f48                       kf48       Fc        F48 function key
           key_f49                       kf49       Fd        F49 function key
           key_f5                        kf5        k5        F5 function key
           key_f50                       kf50       Fe        F50 function key
           key_f51                       kf51       Ff        F51 function key
           key_f52                       kf52       Fg        F52 function key
           key_f53                       kf53       Fh        F53 function key
           key_f54                       kf54       Fi        F54 function key
           key_f55                       kf55       Fj        F55 function key
           key_f56                       kf56       Fk        F56 function key
           key_f57                       kf57       Fl        F57 function key
           key_f58                       kf58       Fm        F58 function key
           key_f59                       kf59       Fn        F59 function key
           key_f6                        kf6        k6        F6 function key
           key_f60                       kf60       Fo        F60 function key
           key_f61                       kf61       Fp        F61 function key
           key_f62                       kf62       Fq        F62 function key
           key_f63                       kf63       Fr        F63 function key
           key_f7                        kf7        k7        F7 function key
           key_f8                        kf8        k8        F8 function key
           key_f9                        kf9        k9        F9 function key
           key_find                      kfnd       @0        find key
           key_help                      khlp       %1        help key
           key_home                      khome      kh        home key
           key_ic                        kich1      kI        insert-character key
           key_il                        kil1       kA        insert-line key
           key_left                      kcub1      kl        left-arrow key
           key_ll                        kll        kH        lower-left key (home
                                                              down)
           key_mark                      kmrk       %2        mark key
           key_message                   kmsg       %3        message key
           key_move                      kmov       %4        move key
           key_next                      knxt       %5        next key
           key_npage                     knp        kN        next-page key
           key_open                      kopn       %6        open key
           key_options                   kopt       %7        options key
           key_ppage                     kpp        kP        previous-page key
           key_previous                  kprv       %8        previous key
           key_print                     kprt       %9        print key
           key_redo                      krdo       %0        redo key

           key_reference                 kref       &1        reference key
           key_refresh                   krfr       &2        refresh key
           key_replace                   krpl       &3        replace key
           key_restart                   krst       &4        restart key
           key_resume                    kres       &5        resume key
           key_right                     kcuf1      kr        right-arrow key
           key_save                      ksav       &6        save key
           key_sbeg                      kBEG       &9        shifted begin key
           key_scancel                   kCAN       &0        shifted cancel key
           key_scommand                  kCMD       *1        shifted command key
           key_scopy                     kCPY       *2        shifted copy key
           key_screate                   kCRT       *3        shifted create key
           key_sdc                       kDC        *4        shifted delete-char-
                                                              acter key
           key_sdl                       kDL        *5        shifted delete-line
                                                              key
           key_select                    kslt       *6        select key
           key_send                      kEND       *7        shifted end key
           key_seol                      kEOL       *8        shifted clear-to-
                                                              end-of-line key
           key_sexit                     kEXT       *9        shifted exit key
           key_sf                        kind       kF        scroll-forward key
           key_sfind                     kFND       *0        shifted find key
           key_shelp                     kHLP       #1        shifted help key
           key_shome                     kHOM       #2        shifted home key
           key_sic                       kIC        #3        shifted insert-char-
                                                              acter key
           key_sleft                     kLFT       #4        shifted left-arrow
                                                              key
           key_smessage                  kMSG       %a        shifted message key
           key_smove                     kMOV       %b        shifted move key
           key_snext                     kNXT       %c        shifted next key
           key_soptions                  kOPT       %d        shifted options key
           key_sprevious                 kPRV       %e        shifted previous key
           key_sprint                    kPRT       %f        shifted print key
           key_sr                        kri        kR        scroll-backward key
           key_sredo                     kRDO       %g        shifted redo key
           key_sreplace                  kRPL       %h        shifted replace key
           key_sright                    kRIT       %i        shifted right-arrow
                                                              key
           key_srsume                    kRES       %j        shifted resume key
           key_ssave                     kSAV       !1        shifted save key
           key_ssuspend                  kSPD       !2        shifted suspend key
           key_stab                      khts       kT        set-tab key
           key_sundo                     kUND       !3        shifted undo key
           key_suspend                   kspd       &7        suspend key
           key_undo                      kund       &8        undo key
           key_up                        kcuu1      ku        up-arrow key
           keypad_local                  rmkx       ke        leave 'key-
                                                              board_transmit' mode
           keypad_xmit                   smkx       ks        enter 'key-
                                                              board_transmit' mode
           lab_f0                        lf0        l0        label on function
                                                              key f0 if not f0
           lab_f1                        lf1        l1        label on function
                                                              key f1 if not f1
           lab_f10                       lf10       la        label on function
                                                              key f10 if not f10
           lab_f2                        lf2        l2        label on function
                                                              key f2 if not f2
           lab_f3                        lf3        l3        label on function
                                                              key f3 if not f3
           lab_f4                        lf4        l4        label on function
                                                              key f4 if not f4

           lab_f5                        lf5        l5        label on function
                                                              key f5 if not f5
           lab_f6                        lf6        l6        label on function
                                                              key f6 if not f6
           lab_f7                        lf7        l7        label on function
                                                              key f7 if not f7
           lab_f8                        lf8        l8        label on function
                                                              key f8 if not f8
           lab_f9                        lf9        l9        label on function
                                                              key f9 if not f9
           label_format                  fln        Lf        label format
           label_off                     rmln       LF        turn off soft labels
           label_on                      smln       LO        turn on soft labels
           meta_off                      rmm        mo        turn off meta mode
           meta_on                       smm        mm        turn on meta mode
                                                              (8th-bit on)
           micro_column_address          mhpa       ZY        Like column_address
                                                              in micro mode
           micro_down                    mcud1      ZZ        Like cursor_down in
                                                              micro mode
           micro_left                    mcub1      Za        Like cursor_left in
                                                              micro mode
           micro_right                   mcuf1      Zb        Like cursor_right in
                                                              micro mode
           micro_row_address             mvpa       Zc        Like row_address #1
                                                              in micro mode
           micro_up                      mcuu1      Zd        Like cursor_up in
                                                              micro mode
           newline                       nel        nw        newline (behave like
                                                              cr followed by lf)
           order_of_pins                 porder     Ze        Match software bits
                                                              to print-head pins
           orig_colors                   oc         oc        Set all color pairs
                                                              to the original ones
           orig_pair                     op         op        Set default pair to
                                                              its original value
           pad_char                      pad        pc        padding char
                                                              (instead of null)
           parm_dch                      dch        DC        delete #1 characters
                                                              (P*)
           parm_delete_line              dl         DL        delete #1 lines (P*)
           parm_down_cursor              cud        DO        down #1 lines (P*)
           parm_down_micro               mcud       Zf        Like parm_down_cur-
                                                              sor in micro mode
           parm_ich                      ich        IC        insert #1 characters
                                                              (P*)
           parm_index                    indn       SF        scroll forward #1
                                                              lines (P)
           parm_insert_line              il         AL        insert #1 lines (P*)
           parm_left_cursor              cub        LE        move #1 characters
                                                              to the left (P)
           parm_left_micro               mcub       Zg        Like parm_left_cur-
                                                              sor in micro mode
           parm_right_cursor             cuf        RI        move #1 characters
                                                              to the right (P*)
           parm_right_micro              mcuf       Zh        Like parm_right_cur-
                                                              sor in micro mode
           parm_rindex                   rin        SR        scroll back #1 lines
                                                              (P)
           parm_up_cursor                cuu        UP        up #1 lines (P*)
           parm_up_micro                 mcuu       Zi        Like parm_up_cursor
                                                              in micro mode
           pkey_key                      pfkey      pk        program function key
                                                              #1 to type string #2

           pkey_local                    pfloc      pl        program function key
                                                              #1 to execute string
                                                              #2
           pkey_xmit                     pfx        px        program function key
                                                              #1 to transmit
                                                              string #2
           plab_norm                     pln        pn        program label #1 to
                                                              show string #2
           print_screen                  mc0        ps        print contents of
                                                              screen
           prtr_non                      mc5p       pO        turn on printer for
                                                              #1 bytes
           prtr_off                      mc4        pf        turn off printer
           prtr_on                       mc5        po        turn on printer
           pulse                         pulse      PU        select pulse dialing
           quick_dial                    qdial      QD        dial number #1 with-
                                                              out checking
           remove_clock                  rmclk      RC        remove clock
           repeat_char                   rep        rp        repeat char #1 #2
                                                              times (P*)
           req_for_input                 rfi        RF        send next input char
                                                              (for ptys)
           reset_1string                 rs1        r1        reset string
           reset_2string                 rs2        r2        reset string
           reset_3string                 rs3        r3        reset string
           reset_file                    rf         rf        name of reset file
           restore_cursor                rc         rc        restore cursor to
                                                              position of last
                                                              save_cursor
           row_address                   vpa        cv        vertical position #1
                                                              absolute (P)
           save_cursor                   sc         sc        save current cursor
                                                              position (P)
           scroll_forward                ind        sf        scroll text up (P)
           scroll_reverse                ri         sr        scroll text down (P)
           select_char_set               scs        Zj        Select character
                                                              set, #1
           set_attributes                sgr        sa        define video
                                                              attributes #1-#9
                                                              (PG9)
           set_background                setb       Sb        Set background color
                                                              #1
           set_bottom_margin             smgb       Zk        Set bottom margin at
                                                              current line
           set_bottom_margin_parm        smgbp      Zl        Set bottom margin at
                                                              line #1 or (if smgtp
                                                              is not given) #2
                                                              lines from bottom
           set_clock                     sclk       SC        set clock, #1 hrs #2
                                                              mins #3 secs
           set_color_pair                scp        sp        Set current color
                                                              pair to #1
           set_foreground                setf       Sf        Set foreground color
                                                              #1
           set_left_margin               smgl       ML        set left soft margin
                                                              at current col-
                                                              umn.        See
                                                              smgl. (ML is not in
                                                              BSD termcap).
           set_left_margin_parm          smglp      Zm        Set left (right)
                                                              margin at column #1
           set_right_margin              smgr       MR        set right soft mar-
                                                              gin at current col-
                                                              umn

           set_right_margin_parm         smgrp      Zn        Set right margin at
                                                              column #1
           set_tab                       hts        st        set a tab in every
                                                              row, current columns
           set_top_margin                smgt       Zo        Set top margin at
                                                              current line
           set_top_margin_parm           smgtp      Zp        Set top (bottom)
                                                              margin at row #1
           set_window                    wind       wi        current window is
                                                              lines #1-#2 cols
                                                              #3-#4
           start_bit_image               sbim       Zq        Start printing bit
                                                              image graphics
           start_char_set_def            scsd       Zr        Start character set
                                                              definition #1, with
                                                              #2 characters in the
                                                              set
           stop_bit_image                rbim       Zs        Stop printing bit
                                                              image graphics
           stop_char_set_def             rcsd       Zt        End definition of
                                                              character set #1
           subscript_characters          subcs      Zu        List of subscript-
                                                              able characters
           superscript_characters        supcs      Zv        List of superscript-
                                                              able characters
           tab                           ht         ta        tab to next 8-space
                                                              hardware tab stop
           these_cause_cr                docr       Zw        Printing any of
                                                              these characters
                                                              causes CR
           to_status_line                tsl        ts        move to status line,
                                                              column #1
           tone                          tone       TO        select touch tone
                                                              dialing
           underline_char                uc         uc        underline char and
                                                              move past it
           up_half_line                  hu         hu        half a line up
           user0                         u0         u0        User string #0
           user1                         u1         u1        User string #1
           user2                         u2         u2        User string #2
           user3                         u3         u3        User string #3
           user4                         u4         u4        User string #4
           user5                         u5         u5        User string #5
           user6                         u6         u6        User string #6
           user7                         u7         u7        User string #7
           user8                         u8         u8        User string #8
           user9                         u9         u9        User string #9
           wait_tone                     wait       WA        wait for dial-tone
           xoff_character                xoffc      XF        XOFF character
           xon_character                 xonc       XN        XON character
           zero_motion                   zerom      Zx        No motion for subse-
                                                              quent character

           The following string capabilities are present in the SVr4.0 term struc-
           ture, but were originally not documented in the man page.

                   Variable              Cap-         TCap         Description
                    String               name         Code
           alt_scancode_esc              scesa        S8        Alternate escape
                                                                for scancode emu-
                                                                lation
           bit_image_carriage_return     bicr         Yv        Move to beginning
                                                                of same row

           bit_image_newline             binel        Zz        Move to next row
                                                                of the bit image
           bit_image_repeat              birep        Xy        Repeat bit image
                                                                cell #1 #2 times
           char_set_names                csnm         Zy        Produce #1'th item
                                                                from list of char-
                                                                acter set names
           code_set_init                 csin         ci        Init sequence for
                                                                multiple codesets
           color_names                   colornm      Yw        Give name for
                                                                color #1
           define_bit_image_region       defbi        Yx        Define rectangular
                                                                bit image region
           device_type                   devt         dv        Indicate lan-
                                                                guage/codeset sup-
                                                                port
           display_pc_char               dispc        S1        Display PC charac-
                                                                ter #1
           end_bit_image_region          endbi        Yy        End a bit-image
                                                                region
           enter_pc_charset_mode         smpch        S2        Enter PC character
                                                                display mode
           enter_scancode_mode           smsc         S4        Enter PC scancode
                                                                mode
           exit_pc_charset_mode          rmpch        S3        Exit PC character
                                                                display mode
           exit_scancode_mode            rmsc         S5        Exit PC scancode
                                                                mode
           get_mouse                     getm         Gm        Curses should get
                                                                button events,
                                                                parameter #1 not
                                                                documented.
           key_mouse                     kmous        Km        Mouse event has
                                                                occurred
           mouse_info                    minfo        Mi        Mouse status
                                                                information
           pc_term_options               pctrm        S6        PC terminal
                                                                options
           pkey_plab                     pfxl         xl        Program function
                                                                key #1 to type
                                                                string #2 and show
                                                                string #3
           req_mouse_pos                 reqmp        RQ        Request mouse
                                                                position
           scancode_escape               scesc        S7        Escape for scan-
                                                                code emulation
           set0_des_seq                  s0ds         s0        Shift to codeset 0
                                                                (EUC set 0, ASCII)
           set1_des_seq                  s1ds         s1        Shift to codeset 1
           set2_des_seq                  s2ds         s2        Shift to codeset 2
           set3_des_seq                  s3ds         s3        Shift to codeset 3
           set_a_background              setab        AB        Set background
                                                                color to #1, using
                                                                ANSI escape
           set_a_foreground              setaf        AF        Set foreground
                                                                color to #1, using
                                                                ANSI escape
           set_color_band                setcolor     Yz        Change to ribbon
                                                                color #1
           set_lr_margin                 smglr        ML        Set both left and
                                                                right margins to
                                                                #1, #2.  (ML is
                                                                not in BSD term-
                                                                cap).

           set_page_length               slines       YZ        Set page length to
                                                                #1 lines
           set_tb_margin                 smgtb        MT        Sets both top and
                                                                bottom margins to
                                                                #1, #2

            The XSI Curses standard added these hardcopy capabilities.  They  were
            used  in  some post-4.1 versions of System V curses, e.g., Solaris 2.5
            and IRIX 6.x.  Except for YI, the ncurses termcap names for  them  are
            invented.   According to the XSI Curses standard, they have no termcap
            names.  If your compiled terminfo entries use these, they may  not  be
            binary-compatible with System V terminfo entries after SVr4.1; beware!

                    Variable              Cap-       TCap         Description
                     String               name       Code
            enter_horizontal_hl_mode      ehhlm      Xh       Enter horizontal
                                                              highlight mode
            enter_left_hl_mode            elhlm      Xl       Enter left highlight
                                                              mode
            enter_low_hl_mode             elohlm     Xo       Enter low highlight
                                                              mode
            enter_right_hl_mode           erhlm      Xr       Enter right high-
                                                              light mode
            enter_top_hl_mode             ethlm      Xt       Enter top highlight
                                                              mode
            enter_vertical_hl_mode        evhlm      Xv       Enter vertical high-
                                                              light mode
            set_a_attributes              sgr1       sA       Define second set of
                                                              video attributes
                                                              #1-#6
            set_pglen_inch                slength    YI       Set page length to
                                                              #1 hundredth of an
                                                              inch (some implemen-
                                                              tations use sL for
                                                              termcap).

### User-Defined Capabilities

           The  preceding  section  listed the predefined capabilities.  They deal
           with some special features for terminals no longer (or possibly  never)
           produced.   Occasionally  there are special features of newer terminals
           which are awkward or impossible to represent by reusing the  predefined
           capabilities.

           ncurses  addresses  this  limitation by allowing user-defined capabili-
           ties.  The tic and infocmp programs provide the -x option for this pur-
           pose.  When -x is set, tic treats unknown capabilities as user-defined.
           That is, if tic encounters a capability name which it does  not  recog-
           nize,  it  infers  its type (boolean, number or string) from the syntax
           and  makes  an  extended  table  entry  for   that   capability.    The
           use_extended_names(3x)  function  makes  this information conditionally
           available to applications.  The ncurses library provides the data leav-
           ing most of the behavior to applications:

           o   User-defined  capability  strings  whose  name  begins with "k" are
               treated as function keys.

           o   The types (boolean,  number,  string)  determined  by  tic  can  be
               inferred by successful calls on tigetflag, etc.

           o   If the capability name happens to be two characters, the capability
               is also available through the termcap interface.

           While termcap is said to be extensible because it does not use a prede-
           fined set of capabilities, in practice it has been limited to the capa-
           bilities defined by terminfo implementations.  As a rule,  user-defined
           capabilities intended for use by termcap applications should be limited
           to booleans and numbers to avoid  running  past  the  1023  byte  limit
           assumed by termcap implementations and their applications.  In particu-
           lar, providing extended sets of function keys  (past  the  60  numbered
           keys  and  the  handful  of  special named keys) is best done using the
           longer names available using terminfo.

### A Sample Entry

           The following entry, describing an ANSI-standard terminal, is represen-
           tative  of  what a terminfo entry for a modern terminal typically looks
           like.

           ansi|ansi/pc-term compatible with color,
                   am, mc5i, mir, msgr,
                   colors#8, cols#80, it#8, lines#24, ncv#3, pairs#64,
                   acsc=+\020\,\021-\030.^Y0\333`\004a\261f\370g\361h\260
                        j\331k\277l\332m\300n\305o~p\304q\304r\304s_t\303
                        u\264v\301w\302x\263y\363z\362{\343|\330}\234~\376,
                   bel=^G, blink=\E[5m, bold=\E[1m, cbt=\E[Z, clear=\E[H\E[J,
                   cr=^M, cub=\E[%p1%dD, cub1=\E[D, cud=\E[%p1%dB, cud1=\E[B,
                   cuf=\E[%p1%dC, cuf1=\E[C, cup=\E[%i%p1%d;%p2%dH,
                   cuu=\E[%p1%dA, cuu1=\E[A, dch=\E[%p1%dP, dch1=\E[P,
                   dl=\E[%p1%dM, dl1=\E[M, ech=\E[%p1%dX, ed=\E[J, el=\E[K,
                   el1=\E[1K, home=\E[H, hpa=\E[%i%p1%dG, ht=\E[I, hts=\EH,
                   ich=\E[%p1%d@, il=\E[%p1%dL, il1=\E[L, ind=^J,
                   indn=\E[%p1%dS, invis=\E[8m, kbs=^H, kcbt=\E[Z, kcub1=\E[D,
                   kcud1=\E[B, kcuf1=\E[C, kcuu1=\E[A, khome=\E[H, kich1=\E[L,
                   mc4=\E[4i, mc5=\E[5i, nel=\r\E[S, op=\E[39;49m,
                   rep=%p1%c\E[%p2%{1}%-%db, rev=\E[7m, rin=\E[%p1%dT,
                   rmacs=\E[10m, rmpch=\E[10m, rmso=\E[m, rmul=\E[m,
                   s0ds=\E(B, s1ds=\E)B, s2ds=\E*B, s3ds=\E+B,
                   setab=\E[4%p1%dm, setaf=\E[3%p1%dm,
                   sgr=\E[0;10%?%p1%t;7%;
                              %?%p2%t;4%;
                              %?%p3%t;7%;
                              %?%p4%t;5%;
                              %?%p6%t;1%;
                              %?%p7%t;8%;
                              %?%p9%t;11%;m,
                   sgr0=\E[0;10m, smacs=\E[11m, smpch=\E[11m, smso=\E[7m,
                   smul=\E[4m, tbc=\E[3g, u6=\E[%i%d;%dR, u7=\E[6n,
                   u8=\E[?%[;0123456789]c, u9=\E[c, vpa=\E[%i%p1%dd,

           Entries may continue onto multiple lines by placing white space at  the
           beginning  of  each line except the first.  Comments may be included on
           lines beginning with "#".  Capabilities in terminfo are of three types:

           o   Boolean capabilities which indicate that the terminal has some par-
               ticular feature,

           o   numeric capabilities giving the size of the terminal or the size of
               particular delays, and

           o   string capabilities, which give a sequence which  can  be  used  to
               perform particular terminal operations.

### Types of Capabilities

           All capabilities have names.  For instance, the fact that ANSI-standard
           terminals have automatic margins (i.e., an automatic return  and  line-
           feed  when the end of a line is reached) is indicated by the capability
           am.  Hence the description of ansi includes am.   Numeric  capabilities
           are  followed  by  the  character  "#" and then a positive value.  Thus
           cols, which indicates the number of columns the terminal has, gives the
           value  "80" for ansi.  Values for numeric capabilities may be specified
           in decimal, octal or hexadecimal, using the C programming language con-
           ventions (e.g., 255, 0377 and 0xff or 0xFF).

           Finally,  string  valued capabilities, such as el (clear to end of line
           sequence) are given by the two-character  code,  an  "=",  and  then  a
           string ending at the next following ",".

           A number of escape sequences are provided in the string valued capabil-
           ities for easy encoding of characters there:

           o   Both \E and \e map to an ESCAPE character,

           o   ^x maps to a control-x for any appropriate x, and

           o   the sequences

                 \n, \l, \r, \t, \b, \f, and \s

               produce

                 newline, line-feed, return, tab, backspace, form-feed, and space,

               respectively.

           X/Open Curses does not say what "appropriate x" might be.  In practice,
           that  is a printable ASCII graphic character.  The special case "^?" is
           interpreted as DEL (127).  In all other cases, the character  value  is
           AND'd  with 0x1f, mapping to ASCII control codes in the range 0 through
           31.

           Other escapes include

           o   \^ for ^,

           o   \\ for \,

           o   \, for comma,

           o   \: for :,

           o   and \0 for null.

               \0 will produce \200, which does not terminate a string but behaves
               as  a null character on most terminals, providing CS7 is specified.
               See stty(1).

               The reason for this quirk is to maintain  binary  compatibility  of
               the  compiled  terminfo files with other implementations, e.g., the
               SVr4 systems, which document this.   Compiled  terminfo  files  use
               null-terminated  strings,  with  no  lengths.  Modifying this would
               require a new binary format, which would not work with other imple-
               mentations.

           Finally, characters may be given as three octal digits after a \.

           A  delay  in  milliseconds  may appear anywhere in a string capability,
           enclosed in $<..> brackets, as in el=\EK$<5>,  and  padding  characters
           are supplied by tputs(3x) to provide this delay.

           o   The delay must be a number with at most one decimal place of preci-
               sion; it may be followed by suffixes "*" or "/" or both.

           o   A "*" indicates that the padding required is  proportional  to  the
               number  of lines affected by the operation, and the amount given is
               the per-affected-unit padding required.  (In  the  case  of  insert
               character, the factor is still the number of lines affected.)

               Normally, padding is advisory if the device has the xon capability;
               it is used for cost computation but does not trigger delays.

           o   A "/" suffix indicates that the padding is mandatory and  forces  a
               delay of the given number of milliseconds even on devices for which
               xon is present to indicate flow control.

           Sometimes individual capabilities must be commented out.  To  do  this,
           put  a  period before the capability name.  For example, see the second
           ind in the example above.

### Fetching Compiled Descriptions

           The ncurses library  searches  for  terminal  descriptions  in  several
           places.   It  uses only the first description found.  The library has a
           compiled-in list of places to search which can be overridden  by  envi-
           ronment  variables.   Before  starting  to  search,  ncurses eliminates
           duplicates in its search list.

           o   If the environment variable TERMINFO is set, it is  interpreted  as
               the pathname of a directory containing the compiled description you
               are working on.  Only that directory is searched.

           o   If TERMINFO is not set, ncurses will instead look in the  directory
               $HOME/.terminfo for a compiled description.

           o   Next,  if  the  environment  variable TERMINFO_DIRS is set, ncurses
               will interpret the contents of that variable as a  list  of  colon-
               separated directories (or database files) to be searched.

               An  empty directory name (i.e., if the variable begins or ends with
               a colon, or contains adjacent colons) is interpreted as the  system
               location /usr/share/terminfo.

           o   Finally, ncurses searches these compiled-in locations:

               o   a    list    of    directories   (/usr/local/ncurses/share/ter-
                   minfo:/usr/share/terminfo), and

               o   the system terminfo directory,  /usr/share/terminfo  (the  com-
                   piled-in default).

### Preparing Descriptions

           We  now  outline  how  to  prepare descriptions of terminals.  The most
           effective way to prepare a terminal description  is  by  imitating  the
           description  of  a  similar  terminal  in  terminfo  and  to build up a
           description gradually, using partial descriptions with vi or some other
           screen-oriented  program to check that they are correct.  Be aware that
           a very unusual terminal may expose deficiencies in the ability  of  the
           terminfo file to describe it or bugs in the screen-handling code of the
           test program.

           To get the padding for insert line right (if the terminal  manufacturer
           did  not  document  it)  a  severe test is to edit a large file at 9600
           baud, delete 16 or so lines from the middle of the screen, then hit the
           "u" key several times quickly.  If the terminal messes up, more padding
           is usually needed.  A similar test can be used for insert character.

### Basic Capabilities

           The number of columns on each line for the terminal  is  given  by  the
           cols  numeric capability.  If the terminal is a CRT, then the number of
           lines on the screen is given by the lines capability.  If the  terminal
           wraps  around  to  the  beginning  of the next line when it reaches the
           right margin, then it should have the am capability.  If  the  terminal
           can  clear  its  screen,  leaving the cursor in the home position, then
           this is given by the clear string capability.  If  the  terminal  over-
           strikes  (rather  than  clearing  a position when a character is struck
           over) then it should have the os capability.   If  the  terminal  is  a
           printing terminal, with no soft copy unit, give it both hc and os.  (os
           applies to storage scope terminals, such as TEKTRONIX 4010  series,  as
           well  as  hard copy and APL terminals.)  If there is a code to move the
           cursor to the left edge of the current row, give this as cr.  (Normally
           this  will  be carriage return, control M.)  If there is a code to pro-
           duce an audible signal (bell, beep, etc) give this as bel.

           If there is a code to move the cursor one position to the left (such as
           backspace)  that  capability should be given as cub1.  Similarly, codes
           to move to the right, up, and down should be given as cuf1,  cuu1,  and
           cud1.   These  local cursor motions should not alter the text they pass
           over, for example, you would not  normally  use  "cuf1= "  because  the
           space would erase the character moved over.

           A very important point here is that the local cursor motions encoded in
           terminfo are undefined at the left and top edges  of  a  CRT  terminal.
           Programs should never attempt to backspace around the left edge, unless
           bw is given, and never attempt to go up locally off the top.  In  order
           to  scroll  text up, a program will go to the bottom left corner of the
           screen and send the ind (index) string.

           To scroll text down, a program goes to  the  top  left  corner  of  the
           screen and sends the ri (reverse index) string.  The strings ind and ri
           are undefined when not on their respective corners of the screen.

           Parameterized versions of the scrolling  sequences  are  indn  and  rin
           which  have  the same semantics as ind and ri except that they take one
           parameter, and scroll that many lines.  They are also undefined  except
           at the appropriate edge of the screen.

           The  am capability tells whether the cursor sticks at the right edge of
           the screen when text is output, but this does not necessarily apply  to
           a  cuf1  from  the last column.  The only local motion which is defined
           from the left edge is if bw is given, then a cub1 from  the  left  edge
           will  move  to the right edge of the previous row.  If bw is not given,
           the effect is undefined.  This is useful for drawing a box  around  the
           edge of the screen, for example.  If the terminal has switch selectable
           automatic margins, the terminfo file usually assumes that this  is  on;
           i.e.,  am.  If the terminal has a command which moves to the first col-
           umn of the next line, that command can be given as nel  (newline).   It
           does  not  matter  if  the  command clears the remainder of the current
           line, so if the terminal has no cr and lf it may still be  possible  to
           craft a working nel out of one or both of them.

           These capabilities suffice to describe hard-copy and "glass-tty" termi-
           nals.  Thus the model 33 teletype is described as

           33|tty33|tty|model 33 teletype,
                   bel=^G, cols#72, cr=^M, cud1=^J, hc, ind=^J, os,

           while the Lear Siegler ADM-3 is described as

           adm3|3|lsi adm3,
                   am, bel=^G, clear=^Z, cols#80, cr=^M, cub1=^H, cud1=^J,
                   ind=^J, lines#24,

### Parameterized Strings

           Cursor addressing and other strings requiring parameters in the  termi-
           nal  are  described  by a parameterized string capability, with printf-
           like escapes such as %x in it.  For example, to address the cursor, the
           cup  capability  is  given, using two parameters: the row and column to
           address to.  (Rows and columns are numbered from zero and refer to  the
           physical screen visible to the user, not to any unseen memory.)  If the
           terminal has memory relative cursor addressing, that can  be  indicated
           by mrcup.

           The  parameter mechanism uses a stack and special % codes to manipulate
           it.  Typically a sequence will push one  of  the  parameters  onto  the
           stack  and  then print it in some format.  Print (e.g., "%d") is a spe-
           cial case.  Other operations, including "%t" pop their operand from the
           stack.   It  is noted that more complex operations are often necessary,
           e.g., in the sgr string.

           The % encodings have the following meanings:

           %%   outputs "%"

           %[[:]flags][width[.precision]][doxXs]
                as in printf, flags are [-+#] and space.  Use a ":" to  allow  the
                next  character to be a "-" flag, avoiding interpreting "%-" as an
                operator.

           %c   print pop() like %c in printf

           %s   print pop() like %s in printf

           %p[1-9]
                push i'th parameter

           %P[a-z]
                set dynamic variable [a-z] to pop()

           %g[a-z]/
                get dynamic variable [a-z] and push it

           %P[A-Z]
                set static variable [a-z] to pop()

           %g[A-Z]
                get static variable [a-z] and push it

                The terms "static" and "dynamic"  are  misleading.   Historically,
                these are simply two different sets of variables, whose values are
                not reset between calls to tparm(3x).  However, that fact  is  not
                documented in other implementations.  Relying on it will adversely
                impact portability to other implementations.

           %'c' char constant c

           %{nn}
                integer constant nn

           %l   push strlen(pop)

           %+, %-, %*, %/, %m
                arithmetic (%m is mod): push(pop() op pop())

           %&, %|, %^
                bit operations (AND, OR and exclusive-OR): push(pop() op pop())

           %=, %>, %<
                logical operations: push(pop() op pop())

           %A, %O
                logical AND and OR operations (for conditionals)

           %!, %~
                unary operations (logical and bit complement): push(op pop())

           %i   add 1 to first two parameters (for ANSI terminals)

           %? expr %t thenpart %e elsepart %;
                This forms an if-then-else.  The %e elsepart is optional.  Usually
                the  %?  expr  part  pushes a value onto the stack, and %t pops it
                from the stack, testing if it is nonzero (true).  If  it  is  zero
                (false), control passes to the %e (else) part.

                It is possible to form else-if's a la Algol 68:
                %? c1 %t b1 %e c2 %t b2 %e c3 %t b3 %e c4 %t b4 %e %;

                where ci are conditions, bi are bodies.

                Use  the  -f  option of tic or infocmp to see the structure of if-
                then-else's.  Some strings, e.g., sgr can be very complicated when
                written  on  one line.  The -f option splits the string into lines
                with the parts indented.

           Binary operations are in postfix form with the operands  in  the  usual
           order.  That is, to get x-5 one would use "%gx%{5}%-".  %P and %g vari-
           ables are persistent across escape-string evaluations.

           Consider the HP2645, which, to get to row 3 and column 12, needs to  be
           sent  \E&a12c03Y padded for 6 milliseconds.  Note that the order of the
           rows and columns is inverted here, and that  the  row  and  column  are
           printed    as    two    digits.     Thus    its   cup   capability   is
           "cup=6\E&%p2%2dc%p1%2dY".

           The Microterm ACT-IV needs the current row and column sent preceded  by
           a   ^T,   with   the   row   and   column  simply  encoded  in  binary,
           "cup=^T%p1%c%p2%c".  Terminals which  use  "%c"  need  to  be  able  to
           backspace  the cursor (cub1), and to move the cursor up one line on the
           screen (cuu1).  This is necessary because it  is  not  always  safe  to
           transmit  \n ^D and \r, as the system may change or discard them.  (The
           library routines dealing with terminfo set tty modes so that  tabs  are
           never  expanded, so \t is safe to send.  This turns out to be essential
           for the Ann Arbor 4080.)

           A final example is the LSI ADM-3a, which uses row and column offset  by
           a blank character, thus "cup=\E=%p1%' '%+%c%p2%' '%+%c".  After sending
           "\E=", this pushes the first parameter, pushes the ASCII  value  for  a
           space (32), adds them (pushing the sum on the stack in place of the two
           previous values) and outputs that value as a character.  Then the  same
           is  done for the second parameter.  More complex arithmetic is possible
           using the stack.

### Cursor Motions

           If the terminal has a fast way to home the cursor (to very  upper  left
           corner  of screen) then this can be given as home; similarly a fast way
           of getting to the lower left-hand corner can be given as ll;  this  may
           involve going up with cuu1 from the home position, but a program should
           never do this itself (unless ll does) because it can make no assumption
           about  the  effect  of moving up from the home position.  Note that the
           home position is the same as addressing to (0,0): to the top left  cor-
           ner of the screen, not of memory.  (Thus, the \EH sequence on HP termi-
           nals cannot be used for home.)

           If the terminal has row or column absolute cursor addressing, these can
           be  given  as  single  parameter  capabilities hpa (horizontal position
           absolute) and vpa (vertical position absolute).   Sometimes  these  are
           shorter  than  the  more  general  two  parameter sequence (as with the
           hp2645) and can be used in preference to cup.  If there are  parameter-
           ized  local  motions  (e.g.,  move  n spaces to the right) these can be
           given as cud, cub, cuf, and cuu with a single parameter indicating  how
           many  spaces  to move.  These are primarily useful if the terminal does
           not have cup, such as the TEKTRONIX 4025.

           If the terminal needs to be in a special mode when  running  a  program
           that uses these capabilities, the codes to enter and exit this mode can
           be given as smcup and rmcup.  This arises, for example, from  terminals
           like  the  Concept  with more than one page of memory.  If the terminal
           has only memory relative cursor addressing and not screen relative cur-
           sor addressing, a one screen-sized window must be fixed into the termi-
           nal for cursor addressing to work properly.  This is also used for  the
           TEKTRONIX  4025,  where  smcup sets the command character to be the one
           used by terminfo.  If the smcup sequence will not  restore  the  screen
           after  an  rmcup  sequence  is output (to the state prior to outputting
           rmcup), specify nrrmc.

### Area Clears

           If the terminal can clear from the current position to the end  of  the
           line,  leaving  the cursor where it is, this should be given as el.  If
           the terminal can clear from the beginning of the line  to  the  current
           position  inclusive,  leaving  the  cursor  where it is, this should be
           given as el1.  If the terminal can clear from the current  position  to
           the  end  of  the display, then this should be given as ed.  Ed is only
           defined from the first column of a line.  (Thus, it can be simulated by
           a request to delete a large number of lines, if a true ed is not avail-
           able.)

### Insert/delete line and vertical motions

           If the terminal can open a new blank line before  the  line  where  the
           cursor  is,  this  should  be  given as il1; this is done only from the
           first position of a line.  The cursor must then  appear  on  the  newly
           blank  line.   If  the terminal can delete the line which the cursor is
           on, then this should be given as dl1; this is done only from the  first
           position on the line to be deleted.  Versions of il1 and dl1 which take
           a single parameter and insert or delete that many lines can be given as
           il and dl.

           If  the  terminal  has a settable scrolling region (like the vt100) the
           command to set this can be described with  the  csr  capability,  which
           takes two parameters: the top and bottom lines of the scrolling region.
           The cursor position is, alas, undefined after using this command.

           It is possible to get the effect of insert or delete line using csr  on
           a  properly chosen region; the sc and rc (save and restore cursor) com-
           mands may be useful for ensuring that  your  synthesized  insert/delete
           string  does  not  move the cursor.  (Note that the ncurses(3x) library
           does  this  synthesis  automatically,   so   you   need   not   compose
           insert/delete strings for an entry with csr).

           Yet another way to construct insert and delete might be to use a combi-
           nation of index with the memory-lock feature found  on  some  terminals
           (like the HP-700/90 series, which however also has insert/delete).

           Inserting  lines  at  the  top or bottom of the screen can also be done
           using ri or ind on many terminals without a  true  insert/delete  line,
           and is often faster even on terminals with those features.

           The boolean non_dest_scroll_region should be set if each scrolling win-
           dow is effectively a view port on a screen-sized canvas.  To  test  for
           this capability, create a scrolling region in the middle of the screen,
           write something to the bottom line, move the cursor to the top  of  the
           region, and do ri followed by dl1 or ind.  If the data scrolled off the
           bottom of the region by the  ri  re-appears,  then  scrolling  is  non-
           destructive.   System  V  and XSI Curses expect that ind, ri, indn, and
           rin will simulate destructive scrolling; their  documentation  cautions
           you  not to define csr unless this is true.  This curses implementation
           is more liberal and will do explicit erases after scrolling if ndsrc is
           defined.

           If  the  terminal has the ability to define a window as part of memory,
           which all commands affect, it should  be  given  as  the  parameterized
           string  wind.  The four parameters are the starting and ending lines in
           memory and the starting and ending columns in memory, in that order.

           If the terminal can retain display memory above, then the da capability
           should  be  given;  if  display  memory  can be retained below, then db
           should be given.  These indicate that deleting a line or scrolling  may
           bring  non-blank lines up from below or that scrolling back with ri may
           bring down non-blank lines.

### Insert/Delete Character

           There are two basic kinds of  intelligent  terminals  with  respect  to
           insert/delete  character  which  can  be described using terminfo.  The
           most common insert/delete character operations affect only the  charac-
           ters  on  the current line and shift characters off the end of the line
           rigidly.  Other terminals, such as the Concept 100 and the Perkin Elmer
           Owl, make a distinction between typed and untyped blanks on the screen,
           shifting upon an insert or delete only  to  an  untyped  blank  on  the
           screen which is either eliminated, or expanded to two untyped blanks.

           You  can determine the kind of terminal you have by clearing the screen
           and then typing text separated by cursor  motions.   Type  "abc    def"
           using  local  cursor  motions  (not  spaces)  between the "abc" and the
           "def".  Then position the cursor before the "abc" and put the  terminal
           in  insert  mode.   If typing characters causes the rest of the line to
           shift rigidly and characters to fall off the end,  then  your  terminal
           does  not  distinguish  between  blanks  and untyped positions.  If the
           "abc" shifts over to the "def" which then move together around the  end
           of  the current line and onto the next as you insert, you have the sec-
           ond type of terminal, and should give the capability in,  which  stands
           for "insert null".

           While  these  are  two  logically  separate attributes (one line versus
           multi-line insert mode, and special treatment  of  untyped  spaces)  we
           have  seen  no terminals whose insert mode cannot be described with the
           single attribute.

           Terminfo can describe both terminals which have  an  insert  mode,  and
           terminals  which send a simple sequence to open a blank position on the
           current line.  Give as smir the sequence to get into insert mode.  Give
           as  rmir  the  sequence  to  leave  insert  mode.  Now give as ich1 any
           sequence needed to be sent just before  sending  the  character  to  be
           inserted.   Most  terminals with a true insert mode will not give ich1;
           terminals which send a sequence to open a screen position  should  give
           it here.

           If  your  terminal has both, insert mode is usually preferable to ich1.
           Technically, you should not give  both  unless  the  terminal  actually
           requires  both to be used in combination.  Accordingly, some non-curses
           applications get confused if both are present; the symptom  is  doubled
           characters  in  an  update using insert.  This requirement is now rare;
           most ich sequences do not require previous smir, and most  smir  insert
           modes  do  not  require ich1 before each character.  Therefore, the new
           curses actually assumes this is the case and uses either  rmir/smir  or
           ich/ich1  as appropriate (but not both).  If you have to write an entry
           to be used under new curses for a terminal old  enough  to  need  both,
           include the rmir/smir sequences in ich1.

           If post insert padding is needed, give this as a number of milliseconds
           in ip (a string option).  Any other sequence which may need to be  sent
           after an insert of a single character may also be given in ip.  If your
           terminal needs both to be placed into an "insert mode"  and  a  special
           code  to  precede each inserted character, then both smir/rmir and ich1
           can be given, and both will be used.   The  ich  capability,  with  one
           parameter, n, will repeat the effects of ich1 n times.

           If  padding  is  necessary between characters typed while not in insert
           mode, give this as a number of milliseconds padding in rmp.

           It is occasionally necessary to move around while  in  insert  mode  to
           delete  characters  on the same line (e.g., if there is a tab after the
           insertion position).  If your terminal allows motion  while  in  insert
           mode  you  can  give  the  capability mir to speed up inserting in this
           case.  Omitting mir will affect only speed.   Some  terminals  (notably
           Datamedia's)  must  not  have  mir because of the way their insert mode
           works.

           Finally, you can specify dch1 to delete a single  character,  dch  with
           one  parameter,  n,  to  delete n characters, and delete mode by giving
           smdc and rmdc to enter and exit delete  mode  (any  mode  the  terminal
           needs to be placed in for dch1 to work).

           A  command  to  erase  n  characters (equivalent to outputting n blanks
           without moving the cursor) can be given as ech with one parameter.

### Highlighting, Underlining, and Visible Bells

           If your terminal has one or more kinds of display attributes, these can
           be  represented  in  a number of different ways.  You should choose one
           display form as standout mode,  representing  a  good,  high  contrast,
           easy-on-the-eyes,  format  for  highlighting  error  messages and other
           attention getters.  (If you have a choice,  reverse  video  plus  half-
           bright  is  good,  or reverse video alone.)  The sequences to enter and
           exit standout mode are given as smso and rmso,  respectively.   If  the
           code  to  change  into  or  out of standout mode leaves one or even two
           blank spaces on the screen, as the TVI 912 and Teleray  1061  do,  then
           xmc should be given to tell how many spaces are left.

           Codes to begin underlining and end underlining can be given as smul and
           rmul respectively.  If the terminal has a code to underline the current
           character  and  move  the  cursor  one  space to the right, such as the
           Microterm Mime, this can be given as uc.

           Other capabilities to enter various highlighting  modes  include  blink
           (blinking)  bold  (bold or extra bright) dim (dim or half-bright) invis
           (blanking or invisible text) prot (protected) rev (reverse video)  sgr0
           (turn  off  all  attribute  modes) smacs (enter alternate character set
           mode) and rmacs (exit alternate character set mode).  Turning on any of
           these modes singly may or may not turn off other modes.

           If  there  is  a  sequence to set arbitrary combinations of modes, this
           should be given as sgr (set attributes),  taking  9  parameters.   Each
           parameter  is either 0 or nonzero, as the corresponding attribute is on
           or off.  The 9 parameters are, in order: standout, underline,  reverse,
           blink,  dim,  bold,  blank,  protect, alternate character set.  Not all
           modes need be supported by sgr, only those for which corresponding sep-
           arate attribute commands exist.

           For example, the DEC vt220 supports most of the modes:

                  tparm parameter      attribute        escape sequence

                  none                 none             \E[0m
                  p1                   standout         \E[0;1;7m
                  p2                   underline        \E[0;4m
                  p3                   reverse          \E[0;7m
                  p4                   blink            \E[0;5m
                  p5                   dim              not available
                  p6                   bold             \E[0;1m
                  p7                   invis            \E[0;8m
                  p8                   protect          not used
                  p9                   altcharset       ^O (off) ^N (on)

           We  begin each escape sequence by turning off any existing modes, since
           there is no quick way to determine whether they are  active.   Standout
           is  set up to be the combination of reverse and bold.  The vt220 termi-
           nal has a protect mode, though it is not commonly used in  sgr  because
           it  protects  characters  on  the screen from the host's erasures.  The
           altcharset mode also is different in  that  it  is  either  ^O  or  ^N,
           depending  on whether it is off or on.  If all modes are turned on, the
           resulting sequence is \E[0;1;4;5;7;8m^N.

           Some sequences are common to different modes.  For example, ;7 is  out-
           put  when  either  p1  or  p3  is  true, that is, if either standout or
           reverse modes are turned on.

           Writing out the above sequences, along with their dependencies yields

                sequence             when to output      terminfo translation

                \E[0                 always              \E[0
                ;1                   if p1 or p6         %?%p1%p6%|%t;1%;
                ;4                   if p2               %?%p2%|%t;4%;
                ;5                   if p4               %?%p4%|%t;5%;
                ;7                   if p1 or p3         %?%p1%p3%|%t;7%;
                ;8                   if p7               %?%p7%|%t;8%;
                m                    always              m
                ^N or ^O             if p9 ^N, else ^O   %?%p9%t^N%e^O%;

           Putting this all together into the sgr sequence gives:

               sgr=\E[0%?%p1%p6%|%t;1%;%?%p2%t;4%;%?%p4%t;5%;
                   %?%p1%p3%|%t;7%;%?%p7%t;8%;m%?%p9%t\016%e\017%;,

           Remember that if you specify sgr, you must also  specify  sgr0.   Also,
           some  implementations  rely on sgr being given if sgr0 is, Not all ter-
           minfo entries necessarily have an sgr string, however.   Many  terminfo
           entries are derived from termcap entries which have no sgr string.  The
           only drawback to adding an sgr string is that termcap also assumes that
           sgr0 does not exit alternate character set mode.

           Terminals  with  the "magic cookie" glitch (xmc) deposit special "cook-
           ies" when they receive mode-setting sequences, which affect the display
           algorithm  rather than having extra bits for each character.  Some ter-
           minals, such as the HP 2621, automatically  leave  standout  mode  when
           they  move  to  a  new line or the cursor is addressed.  Programs using
           standout mode should exit standout mode before  moving  the  cursor  or
           sending  a  newline,  unless  the msgr capability, asserting that it is
           safe to move in standout mode, is present.

           If the terminal has a way of flashing the screen to indicate  an  error
           quietly  (a  bell replacement) then this can be given as flash; it must
           not move the cursor.

           If the cursor needs to be made more visible than normal when it is  not
           on the bottom line (to make, for example, a non-blinking underline into
           an easier to find block or blinking underline) give  this  sequence  as
           cvvis.  If there is a way to make the cursor completely invisible, give
           that as civis.  The capability cnorm should be given which  undoes  the
           effects of both of these modes.

           If  your  terminal  correctly  generates underlined characters (with no
           special codes needed) even though it  does  not  overstrike,  then  you
           should  give  the  capability  ul.  If a character overstriking another
           leaves both characters on the screen, specify the  capability  os.   If
           overstrikes are erasable with a blank, then this should be indicated by
           giving eo.

### Keypad and Function Keys

           If the terminal has a keypad that transmits codes  when  the  keys  are
           pressed,  this  information can be given.  Note that it is not possible
           to handle terminals where the keypad only works in local (this applies,
           for  example, to the unshifted HP 2621 keys).  If the keypad can be set
           to transmit or not transmit, give these codes as smkx and rmkx.  Other-
           wise the keypad is assumed to always transmit.

           The  codes  sent  by the left arrow, right arrow, up arrow, down arrow,
           and home keys can be given as kcub1, kcuf1,  kcuu1,  kcud1,  and  khome
           respectively.  If there are function keys such as f0, f1, ..., f10, the
           codes they send can be given as kf0, kf1, ...,  kf10.   If  these  keys
           have  labels  other  than the default f0 through f10, the labels can be
           given as lf0, lf1, ..., lf10.

           The codes transmitted by certain other special keys can be given:

           o   kll (home down),

           o   kbs (backspace),

           o   ktbc (clear all tabs),

           o   kctab (clear the tab stop in this column),

           o   kclr (clear screen or erase key),

           o   kdch1 (delete character),

           o   kdl1 (delete line),

           o   krmir (exit insert mode),

           o   kel (clear to end of line),

           o   ked (clear to end of screen),

           o   kich1 (insert character or enter insert mode),

           o   kil1 (insert line),

           o   knp (next page),

           o   kpp (previous page),

           o   kind (scroll forward/down),

           o   kri (scroll backward/up),

           o   khts (set a tab stop in this column).

           In addition, if the keypad has a 3 by 3 array  of  keys  including  the
           four  arrow  keys,  the  other five keys can be given as ka1, ka3, kb2,
           kc1, and kc3.  These keys are useful when the  effects  of  a  3  by  3
           directional pad are needed.

           Strings to program function keys can be given as pfkey, pfloc, and pfx.
           A string to program screen labels should be specified as pln.  Each  of
           these  strings takes two parameters: the function key number to program
           (from 0 to 10) and the string to program it with.  Function key numbers
           out  of  this  range may program undefined keys in a terminal dependent
           manner.  The difference between the capabilities is that  pfkey  causes
           pressing  the  given  key  to  be the same as the user typing the given
           string; pfloc causes the string to  be  executed  by  the  terminal  in
           local; and pfx causes the string to be transmitted to the computer.

           The  capabilities  nlab,  lw  and  lh define the number of programmable
           screen labels and their width and height.  If  there  are  commands  to
           turn  the  labels on and off, give them in smln and rmln.  smln is nor-
           mally output after one or more pln sequences  to  make  sure  that  the
           change becomes visible.

### Tabs and Initialization

           If  the  terminal has hardware tabs, the command to advance to the next
           tab stop can be given as ht (usually control I).  A "back-tab"  command
           which moves leftward to the preceding tab stop can be given as cbt.  By
           convention, if the teletype modes indicate that tabs are being expanded
           by the computer rather than being sent to the terminal, programs should
           not use ht or cbt even if they are present, since the user may not have
           the  tab  stops  properly set.  If the terminal has hardware tabs which
           are initially set every n spaces when the terminal is powered  up,  the
           numeric  parameter  it  is given, showing the number of spaces the tabs
           are set to.  This is normally used by the  tset  command  to  determine
           whether  to set the mode for hardware tab expansion, and whether to set
           the tab stops.  If the terminal has tab stops that can be saved in non-
           volatile  memory,  the  terminfo  description  can assume that they are
           properly set.

           Other capabilities include is1, is2, and  is3,  initialization  strings
           for  the  terminal, iprog, the path name of a program to be run to ini-
           tialize the terminal, and if, the name of a file containing  long  ini-
           tialization  strings.   These  strings are expected to set the terminal
           into modes consistent with the rest of the terminfo description.   They
           are  normally sent to the terminal, by the init option of the tput pro-
           gram, each time the user logs in.  They will be printed in the  follow-
           ing order:

                  run the program
                         iprog

                  output is1 is2

                  set the margins using
                         mgc, smgl and smgr

                  set tabs using
                         tbc and hts

                  print the file
                         if

                  and finally
                         output is3.

           Most  initialization  is  done with is2.  Special terminal modes can be
           set up without duplicating strings by putting the common  sequences  in
           is2 and special cases in is1 and is3.

           A  set  of  sequences  that  does a harder reset from a totally unknown
           state can be given as rs1, rs2, rf and rs3, analogous to is1 , is2 , if
           and  is3  respectively.  These strings are output by the reset program,
           which is used when the terminal gets into a wedged state.  Commands are
           normally  placed  in  rs1, rs2 rs3 and rf only if they produce annoying
           effects on the screen and are not necessary when logging in.  For exam-
           ple, the command to set the vt100 into 80-column mode would normally be
           part of is2, but it causes an annoying glitch of the screen and is  not
           normally  needed  since  the  terminal  is usually already in 80 column
           mode.

           The reset program writes strings including iprog,  etc.,  in  the  same
           order  as  the  init program, using rs1, etc., instead of is1, etc.  If
           any of rs1, rs2, rs3, or rf reset capability strings are  missing,  the
           reset program falls back upon the corresponding initialization capabil-
           ity string.

           If there are commands to set and clear tab stops, they can be given  as
           tbc (clear all tab stops) and hts (set a tab stop in the current column
           of every row).  If a more complex sequence is needed to  set  the  tabs
           than can be described by this, the sequence can be placed in is2 or if.

### Delays and Padding

           Many  older  and slower terminals do not support either XON/XOFF or DTR
           handshaking, including hard copy terminals and some very  archaic  CRTs
           (including,  for example, DEC VT100s).  These may require padding char-
           acters after certain cursor motions and screen changes.

           If the terminal uses xon/xoff handshaking for flow control (that is, it
           automatically  emits  ^S  back  to  the host when its input buffers are
           close to full), set xon.  This capability suppresses  the  emission  of
           padding.   You can also set it for memory-mapped console devices effec-
           tively that do not have a  speed  limit.   Padding  information  should
           still be included so that routines can make better decisions about rel-
           ative costs, but actual pad characters will not be transmitted.

           If pb (padding baud rate) is given, padding is suppressed at baud rates
           below  the  value  of  pb.  If the entry has no padding baud rate, then
           whether padding is emitted or not is completely controlled by xon.

           If the terminal requires other than a null (zero) character as  a  pad,
           then  this  can  be  given as pad.  Only the first character of the pad
           string is used.

### Status Lines

           Some terminals have an extra "status line" which is not  normally  used
           by software (and thus not counted in the terminal's lines capability).

           The  simplest case is a status line which is cursor-addressable but not
           part of the main scrolling region on the screen; the Heathkit H19 has a
           status  line  of  this  kind,  as  would a 24-line VT100 with a 23-line
           scrolling region set up on initialization.  This situation is indicated
           by the hs capability.

           Some  terminals  with status lines need special sequences to access the
           status line.  These may be expressed as a string with single  parameter
           tsl  which takes the cursor to a given zero-origin column on the status
           line.  The capability fsl must return to the main-screen  cursor  posi-
           tions  before the last tsl.  You may need to embed the string values of
           sc (save cursor) and rc (restore cursor) in tsl and fsl  to  accomplish
           this.

           The  status  line is normally assumed to be the same width as the width
           of the terminal.  If this is  untrue,  you  can  specify  it  with  the
           numeric capability wsl.

           A command to erase or blank the status line may be specified as dsl.

           The  boolean  capability  eslok  specifies that escape sequences, tabs,
           etc., work ordinarily in the status line.

           The ncurses implementation does not yet use any of these  capabilities.
           They are documented here in case they ever become important.

### Line Graphics

           Many  terminals have alternate character sets useful for forms-drawing.
           Terminfo and curses have built-in support for most of the drawing char-
           acters  supported  by  the  VT100,  with  some characters from the AT&T
           4410v1 added.  This alternate character set may  be  specified  by  the
           acsc capability.

           Glyph                        ACS            Ascii      acsc      acsc
           Name                         Name           Default    Char      Value
           ------------------------------------------------------------------------
           arrow pointing right         ACS_RARROW     >          +         0x2b
           arrow pointing left          ACS_LARROW     <          ,         0x2c
           arrow pointing up            ACS_UARROW     ^          -         0x2d
           arrow pointing down          ACS_DARROW     v          .         0x2e
           solid square block           ACS_BLOCK      #          0         0x30
           diamond                      ACS_DIAMOND    +          `         0x60
           checker board (stipple)      ACS_CKBOARD    :          a         0x61
           degree symbol                ACS_DEGREE     \          f         0x66
           plus/minus                   ACS_PLMINUS    #          g         0x67
           board of squares             ACS_BOARD      #          h         0x68

           lantern symbol               ACS_LANTERN    #          i         0x69
           lower right corner           ACS_LRCORNER   +          j         0x6a
           upper right corner           ACS_URCORNER   +          k         0x6b
           upper left corner            ACS_ULCORNER   +          l         0x6c
           lower left corner            ACS_LLCORNER   +          m         0x6d
           large plus or crossover      ACS_PLUS       +          n         0x6e
           scan line 1                  ACS_S1         ~          o         0x6f
           scan line 3                  ACS_S3         -          p         0x70
           horizontal line              ACS_HLINE      -          q         0x71
           scan line 7                  ACS_S7         -          r         0x72
           scan line 9                  ACS_S9         _          s         0x73
           tee pointing right           ACS_LTEE       +          t         0x74
           tee pointing left            ACS_RTEE       +          u         0x75
           tee pointing up              ACS_BTEE       +          v         0x76
           tee pointing down            ACS_TTEE       +          w         0x77
           vertical line                ACS_VLINE      |          x         0x78
           less-than-or-equal-to        ACS_LEQUAL     <          y         0x79
           greater-than-or-equal-to     ACS_GEQUAL     >          z         0x7a
           greek pi                     ACS_PI         *          {         0x7b
           not-equal                    ACS_NEQUAL     !          |         0x7c
           UK pound sign                ACS_STERLING   f          }         0x7d
           bullet                       ACS_BULLET     o          ~         0x7e

           A few notes apply to the table itself:

           o   X/Open  Curses  incorrectly  states that the mapping for lantern is
               uppercase "I" although Unix implementations use the  lowercase  "i"
               mapping.

           o   The  DEC  VT100  implemented graphics using the alternate character
               set feature, temporarily switching modes and sending characters  in
               the range 0x60 (96) to 0x7e (126) (the acsc Value column in the ta-
               ble).

           o   The AT&T terminal added graphics characters outside that range.

               Some of the characters within the range do  not  match  the  VT100;
               presumably  they  were  used in the AT&T terminal: board of squares
               replaces the VT100 newline symbol, while  lantern  symbol  replaces
               the VT100 vertical tab symbol.  The other VT100 symbols for control
               characters (horizontal tab, carriage return and line-feed) are  not
               (re)used in curses.

           The  best  way to define a new device's graphics set is to add a column
           to a copy of this table for your terminal, giving the  character  which
           (when  emitted  between  smacs/rmacs  switches) will be rendered as the
           corresponding graphic.  Then read off the VT100/your terminal character
           pairs right to left in sequence; these become the ACSC string.

### Color Handling

           The  curses  library  functions init_pair and init_color manipulate the
           color  pairs  and  color  values  discussed  in   this   section   (see
           curs_color(3x) for details on these and related functions).

           Most color terminals are either "Tektronix-like" or "HP-like":

           o   Tektronix-like terminals have a predefined set of N colors (where N
               is usually 8), and can set character-cell foreground and background
               characters independently, mixing them into N * N color-pairs.

           o   On  HP-like  terminals,  the user must set each color pair up sepa-
               rately (foreground and background are not independently  settable).
               Up to M color-pairs may be set up from 2*M different colors.  ANSI-
               compatible terminals are Tektronix-like.

           Some basic color capabilities are independent of the color method.  The
           numeric  capabilities  colors  and pairs specify the maximum numbers of
           colors and color-pairs that can be displayed  simultaneously.   The  op
           (original pair) string resets foreground and background colors to their
           default values for the terminal.  The oc string resets  all  colors  or
           color-pairs  to  their default values for the terminal.  Some terminals
           (including many PC terminal emulators) erase screen areas with the cur-
           rent  background  color  rather  than  the power-up default background;
           these should have the boolean capability bce.

           While the curses library works with color pairs (reflecting the inabil-
           ity  of  some  devices to set foreground and background colors indepen-
           dently), there are separate capabilities for setting these features:

           o   To change the current foreground or  background  color  on  a  Tek-
               tronix-type  terminal,  use  setaf  (set ANSI foreground) and setab
               (set ANSI background) or setf (set foreground) and setb (set  back-
               ground).   These  take  one  parameter, the color number.  The SVr4
               documentation describes only setaf/setab; the XPG4 draft says  that
               "If  the  terminal supports ANSI escape sequences to set background
               and foreground, they should be coded as setaf  and  setab,  respec-
               tively.

           o   If  the  terminal supports other escape sequences to set background
               and foreground, they should be coded  as  setf  and  setb,  respec-
               tively.   The  vidputs  and the refresh(3x) functions use the setaf
               and setab capabilities if they are defined.

           The setaf/setab and setf/setb capabilities take a single numeric  argu-
           ment  each.  Argument values 0-7 of setaf/setab are portably defined as
           follows (the middle column is the symbolic  #define  available  in  the
           header  for the curses or ncurses libraries).  The terminal hardware is
           free to map these as it likes, but the RGB values indicate normal loca-
           tions in color space.

                        Color       #define       Value       RGB
                        black     COLOR_BLACK       0     0, 0, 0
                        red       COLOR_RED         1     max,0,0
                        green     COLOR_GREEN       2     0,max,0
                        yellow    COLOR_YELLOW      3     max,max,0
                        blue      COLOR_BLUE        4     0,0,max
                        magenta   COLOR_MAGENTA     5     max,0,max
                        cyan      COLOR_CYAN        6     0,max,max
                        white     COLOR_WHITE       7     max,max,max

           The argument values of setf/setb historically correspond to a different
           mapping, i.e.,

                        Color       #define       Value       RGB
                        black     COLOR_BLACK       0     0, 0, 0
                        blue      COLOR_BLUE        1     0,0,max
                        green     COLOR_GREEN       2     0,max,0
                        cyan      COLOR_CYAN        3     0,max,max
                        red       COLOR_RED         4     max,0,0
                        magenta   COLOR_MAGENTA     5     max,0,max
                        yellow    COLOR_YELLOW      6     max,max,0
                        white     COLOR_WHITE       7     max,max,max

           It is important to not confuse the two sets of color capabilities; oth-
           erwise red/blue will be interchanged on the display.

           On  an  HP-like terminal, use scp with a color-pair number parameter to
           set which color pair is current.

           Some terminals allow the color values to be modified:

           o   On a Tektronix-like terminal, the capability ccc may be present  to
               indicate  that colors can be modified.  If so, the initc capability
               will take a color number (0 to colors - 1)and three more parameters
               which  describe the color.  These three parameters default to being
               interpreted as RGB (Red, Green, Blue) values.  If the boolean capa-
               bility  hls  is  present,  they are instead as HLS (Hue, Lightness,
               Saturation) indices.  The ranges are terminal-dependent.

           o   On an HP-like terminal, initp may give a capability for changing  a
               color-pair value.  It will take seven parameters; a color-pair num-
               ber (0 to max_pairs - 1), and two triples  describing  first  back-
               ground  and then foreground colors.  These parameters must be (Red,
               Green, Blue) or (Hue, Lightness, Saturation) depending on hls.

           On some color terminals, colors collide with highlights.  You can  reg-
           ister  these collisions with the ncv capability.  This is a bit-mask of
           attributes not to be used when colors are enabled.  The  correspondence
           with the attributes understood by curses is as follows:

                    Attribute              Bit   Decimal      Set by
                    A_STANDOUT             0     1            sgr
                    A_UNDERLINE            1     2            sgr
                    A_REVERSE              2     4            sgr
                    A_BLINK                3     8            sgr
                    A_DIM                  4     16           sgr
                    A_BOLD                 5     32           sgr
                    A_INVIS                6     64           sgr
                    A_PROTECT              7     128          sgr
                    A_ALTCHARSET           8     256          sgr
                    A_HORIZONTAL           9     512          sgr1
                    A_LEFT                 10    1024         sgr1
                    A_LOW                  11    2048         sgr1
                    A_RIGHT                12    4096         sgr1
                    A_TOP                  13    8192         sgr1
                    A_VERTICAL             14    16384        sgr1
                    A_ITALIC               15    32768        sitm

           For  example, on many IBM PC consoles, the underline attribute collides
           with the foreground color blue and is  not  available  in  color  mode.
           These should have an ncv capability of 2.

           SVr4  curses does nothing with ncv, ncurses recognizes it and optimizes
           the output in favor of colors.

### Miscellaneous

           If the terminal requires other than a null (zero) character as  a  pad,
           then  this  can  be  given as pad.  Only the first character of the pad
           string is used.  If the terminal does not have a pad character, specify
           npc.   Note that ncurses implements the termcap-compatible PC variable;
           though the application may set this value to  something  other  than  a
           null,  ncurses will test npc first and use napms if the terminal has no
           pad character.

           If the terminal can move up or down half a line, this can be  indicated
           with hu (half-line up) and hd (half-line down).  This is primarily use-
           ful for superscripts and subscripts on hard-copy terminals.  If a hard-
           copy  terminal  can eject to the next page (form feed), give this as ff
           (usually control L).

           If there is a command to repeat a given character  a  given  number  of
           times  (to  save  time transmitting a large number of identical charac-
           ters) this can be indicated with the  parameterized  string  rep.   The
           first  parameter  is the character to be repeated and the second is the
           number of times to repeat it.  Thus, tparm(repeat_char, 'x', 10) is the
           same as "xxxxxxxxxx".

           If the terminal has a settable command character, such as the TEKTRONIX
           4025, this can be indicated with cmdch.  A prototype command  character
           is  chosen  which is used in all capabilities.  This character is given
           in the cmdch capability to identify it.  The  following  convention  is
           supported on some UNIX systems: The environment is to be searched for a
           CC variable, and if found, all occurrences of the  prototype  character
           are replaced with the character in the environment variable.

           Terminal  descriptions  that  do not represent a specific kind of known
           terminal, such as switch, dialup, patch, and  network,  should  include
           the  gn (generic) capability so that programs can complain that they do
           not know how to talk to the terminal.  (This capability does not  apply
           to  virtual  terminal  descriptions  for which the escape sequences are
           known.)

           If the terminal has a "meta key" which acts as a shift key, setting the
           8th  bit  of any character transmitted, this fact can be indicated with
           km.  Otherwise, software will assume that the 8th bit is parity and  it
           will  usually be cleared.  If strings exist to turn this "meta mode" on
           and off, they can be given as smm and rmm.

           If the terminal has more lines of memory than will fit on the screen at
           once,  the number of lines of memory can be indicated with lm.  A value
           of lm#0 indicates that the number of lines is not fixed, but that there
           is still more memory than fits on the screen.

           If  the terminal is one of those supported by the UNIX virtual terminal
           protocol, the terminal number can be given as vt.

           Media copy strings which control an auxiliary printer connected to  the
           terminal  can  be  given as mc0: print the contents of the screen, mc4:
           turn off the printer, and mc5: turn on the printer.  When  the  printer
           is  on,  all text sent to the terminal will be sent to the printer.  It
           is undefined whether the text is also displayed on the terminal  screen
           when  the  printer  is  on.   A variation mc5p takes one parameter, and
           leaves the printer on for as many characters as the value of the param-
           eter, then turns the printer off.  The parameter should not exceed 255.
           All text, including mc4, is transparently passed to the  printer  while
           an mc5p is in effect.

### Glitches and Braindamage

           Hazeltine  terminals, which do not allow "~" characters to be displayed
           should indicate hz.

           Terminals which ignore a line-feed immediately after an am  wrap,  such
           as the Concept and vt100, should indicate xenl.

           If  el  is  required  to get rid of standout (instead of merely writing
           normal text on top of it), xhp should be given.

           Teleray terminals, where tabs turn all characters moved over to blanks,
           should  indicate  xt (destructive tabs).  Note: the variable indicating
           this is now "dest_tabs_magic_smso"; in  older  versions,  it  was  tel-
           eray_glitch.  This glitch is also taken to mean that it is not possible
           to position the cursor on top of a "magic cookie", that to erase stand-
           out  mode  it  is instead necessary to use delete and insert line.  The
           ncurses implementation ignores this glitch.

           The Beehive Superbee, which is unable to correctly transmit the  escape
           or  control  C  characters, has xsb, indicating that the f1 key is used
           for escape and f2 for control C.  (Only  certain  Superbees  have  this
           problem,  depending on the ROM.)  Note that in older terminfo versions,
           this capability was called "beehive_glitch"; it is now "no_esc_ctl_c".

           Other specific terminal problems may be corrected by adding more  capa-
           bilities of the form xx.

### Pitfalls of Long Entries

           Long  terminfo  entries are unlikely to be a problem; to date, no entry
           has even approached terminfo's 4096-byte string-table maximum.   Unfor-
           tunately,  the  termcap translations are much more strictly limited (to
           1023 bytes), thus termcap translations of  long  terminfo  entries  can
           cause problems.

           The  man  pages  for  4.3BSD and older versions of tgetent instruct the
           user to allocate a 1024-byte buffer for the termcap entry.   The  entry
           gets  null-terminated by the termcap library, so that makes the maximum
           safe length for a termcap entry 1k-1 (1023) bytes.  Depending  on  what
           the  application  and the termcap library being used does, and where in
           the termcap file the terminal type that tgetent is  searching  for  is,
           several bad things can happen.

           Some  termcap libraries print a warning message or exit if they find an
           entry that's longer than 1023 bytes; others do not; others truncate the
           entries  to  1023  bytes.  Some application programs allocate more than
           the recommended 1K for the termcap entry; others do not.

           Each termcap entry has two important sizes associated with  it:  before
           "tc"  expansion, and after "tc" expansion.  "tc" is the capability that
           tacks on another termcap entry to the end of the current one, to add on
           its capabilities.  If a termcap entry does not use the "tc" capability,
           then of course the two lengths are the same.

           The "before tc expansion" length is the most important one, because  it
           affects  more than just users of that particular terminal.  This is the
           length of the entry as it exists in /etc/termcap, minus the  backslash-
           newline pairs, which tgetent strips out while reading it.  Some termcap
           libraries strip off the final newline, too (GNU termcap does not).  Now
           suppose:

           o   a termcap entry before expansion is more than 1023 bytes long,

           o   and the application has only allocated a 1k buffer,

           o   and  the termcap library (like the one in BSD/OS 1.1 and GNU) reads
               the whole entry into the buffer, no matter what its length, to  see
               if it is the entry it wants,

           o   and  tgetent  is  searching  for a terminal type that either is the
               long entry, appears in the termcap file after the  long  entry,  or
               does  not  appear in the file at all (so that tgetent has to search
               the whole termcap file).

           Then tgetent will overwrite memory, perhaps  its  stack,  and  probably
           core  dump the program.  Programs like telnet are particularly vulnera-
           ble; modern telnets pass along values like the terminal type  automati-
           cally.   The  results are almost as undesirable with a termcap library,
           like SunOS 4.1.3 and Ultrix 4.4, that prints warning messages  when  it
           reads  an  overly  long  termcap entry.  If a termcap library truncates
           long entries, like OSF/1 3.0, it is  immune  to  dying  here  but  will
           return incorrect data for the terminal.

           The  "after  tc  expansion"  length  will  have a similar effect to the
           above, but only for people who actually set TERM to that terminal type,
           since  tgetent  only  does "tc" expansion once it is found the terminal
           type it was looking for, not while searching.

           In summary, a termcap entry that is longer than 1023 bytes  can  cause,
           on  various  combinations of termcap libraries and applications, a core
           dump, warnings, or incorrect operation.  If it is too long even  before
           "tc"  expansion,  it will have this effect even for users of some other
           terminal types and users whose TERM variable does not  have  a  termcap
           entry.

           When  in  -C (translate to termcap) mode, the ncurses implementation of
           tic(1m) issues warning messages when the pre-tc  length  of  a  termcap
           translation  is  too  long.  The -c (check) option also checks resolved
           (after tc expansion) lengths.

### Binary Compatibility

           It is not wise to count  on  portability  of  binary  terminfo  entries
           between  commercial  UNIX  versions.   The problem is that there are at
           least two versions of terminfo (under HP-UX  and  AIX)  which  diverged
           from  System  V terminfo after SVr1, and have added extension capabili-
           ties to the string table that (in the binary format) collide with  Sys-
           tem V and XSI Curses extensions.

## EXTENSIONS

           Searching   for  terminal  descriptions  in  $HOME/.terminfo  and  TER-
           MINFO_DIRS is not supported by older implementations.

           Some SVr4 curses implementations, and all  previous  to  SVr4,  do  not
           interpret the %A and %O operators in parameter strings.

           SVr4/XPG4  do  not  specify  whether msgr licenses movement while in an
           alternate-character-set mode (such modes may, among other  things,  map
           CR  and  NL  to  characters  that  do  not trigger local motions).  The
           ncurses implementation ignores msgr in ALTCHARSET  mode.   This  raises
           the  possibility that an XPG4 implementation making the opposite inter-
           pretation may need terminfo entries  made  for  ncurses  to  have  msgr
           turned off.

           The ncurses library handles insert-character and insert-character modes
           in a slightly non-standard way to get better  update  efficiency.   See
           the Insert/Delete Character subsection above.

           The  parameter  substitutions  for  set_clock and display_clock are not
           documented in SVr4 or the XSI Curses standard.  They are  deduced  from
           the documentation for the AT&T 505 terminal.

           Be  careful  assigning the kmous capability.  The ncurses library wants
           to interpret it as KEY_MOUSE, for use by terminals and  emulators  like
           xterm  that can return mouse-tracking information in the keyboard-input
           stream.

           X/Open Curses does not mention  italics.   Portable  applications  must
           assume  that  numeric  capabilities  are  signed  16-bit  values.  This
           includes the no_color_video (ncv) capability.   The  32768  mask  value
           used  for  italics with ncv can be confused with an absent or cancelled
           ncv.  If italics should work with colors, then the ncv  value  must  be
           specified, even if it is zero.

           Different  commercial  ports  of  terminfo and curses support different
           subsets of the XSI Curses standard and (in some cases) different exten-
           sion sets.  Here is a summary, accurate as of October 1995:

           o   SVR4, Solaris, ncurses -- These support all SVr4 capabilities.

           o   SGI -- Supports the SVr4 set, adds one undocumented extended string
               capability (set_pglen).

           o   SVr1, Ultrix -- These support a restricted subset of terminfo capa-
               bilities.   The  booleans  end  with  xon_xoff;  the  numerics with
               width_status_line; and the strings with prtr_non.

           o   HP/UX -- Supports the  SVr1  subset,  plus  the  SVr[234]  numerics
               num_labels,   label_height,  label_width,  plus  function  keys  11
               through 63, plus plab_norm,  label_on,  and  label_off,  plus  some
               incompatible extensions in the string table.

           o   AIX  -- Supports the SVr1 subset, plus function keys 11 through 63,
               plus a number of incompatible string table extensions.

           o   OSF -- Supports both the SVr4 set and the AIX extensions.

## FILES

           /usr/share/terminfo/?/*  files containing terminal descriptions

## SEE ALSO

           tic(1m), infocmp(1m), curses(3x), curs_color(3x),  printf(3),  term(5).
           term_variables(3x).

## AUTHORS

           Zeyd M. Ben-Halim, Eric S. Raymond, Thomas E. Dickey.  Based on pcurses
           by Pavel Curtis.

                                                                       terminfo(5)